How Does Visible Physical Disability Play A Role In Influenc

How Does Visible Physical Disability Play A Role In Influencing People

How does visible physical disability play a role in influencing people’s tipping habits? Introduction: Literature Review In order to understand tipping more as a social action dictated by psychological behavior, we can look to Whaley’s research done to discover the motivations and influences behind tipping (Whaley 2011). The research conducted involved creating multiple iterations of questionnaires that sought to identify motivators for specific tipping behaviors. Although the results located many influencing factors, what is relevant for our research question is the concepts that facilitate tipping as a social activity. Whaley adds that this massive shift began to emphasize tipping as being influenced by sociological concepts and theories, such as the diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect.

Ultimately, Whaley found that patrons see tipping as a social norm, many people tip as a way to avoid social disapproval -- something that may be an influence for how people would tip workers based on if they have a visible disability or not. This study, conducted by Jan Wieseke in 2012, takes a look at customer and employee interactions and how empathy plays a role in it. The researcher conducted a questionnaire to employees and customers of a travel agency. The results revealed that customers who felt empathy for their employees are essentially more sensitive to emotions displayed by frontline employees, which evokes motivation for customers to help employees (Wieseke 2012). By understanding another person’s distress, the tendency to change and better the other person’s welfare increases.

This study shows how customers who feel empathy for employees purposely try to alleviate any stress from the employees helping them in any way possible. This article suggests that in most cases, customers try to help employees when they see them struggling on the job. However, for our experiment, we want to look into the interaction between customers and disabled employees and how empathy is used in that relationship. This study focuses upon the many public encounters in which wheelchair users request and receive various forms of assistance. We have all been in the position where a kind word, a helpful gesture or a simple pleasantry can make all the difference in how we feel in the moment, or result in a memory that changes us for a lifetime.

This study draws upon conversational interviews with wheelchair users, field notes recorded during participant observation in public places while using wheelchairs, to emphasize how people tend to assist and show kindness to wheelchair users in public places. The analysis shows that wheelchair users' place in public life is more uncertain than the ideas of deviance and stigma propose. The author argues for an empirical reassessment of the social definition of various physical disabilities through an ethnographic study of relations between typical and atypical people and analytic attention to situated processes of identification. In his article published in 1980 describing his experiment, John K. McKay sheds light on how some disabled people tend to have a bias towards favoring similarly-disabled bodies over able bodies in some social situations in terms of their capacity for social influence and empathy.

Mobility-impaired people were shown two videos of rehabilitation counselors; one was in a wheelchair and the other was able-bodied. The participants in the study evaluated the two counselors' capacity for empathy and social influence using the Counselor Rating Form and the empathy subscale of the Barrett-Leonard Relationship Inventory. Overall, the participants rated the wheelchaired counselor as more competent and qualified than the non-disabled counselor (McKay, 1980). This article illustrates how those who are disabled tend to have more empathy and favorability for other disabled people. With our experiment, we seek to discover if non-disabled people have a similar favorability and empathy for disabled people.

This study conducted by Christina Taylor in 1998 focuses on exploring people’s general feelings towards disabled people. The researcher conducted an experiment to test whether people feel obligated to give money to disabled people. In the first experiment, the researcher gathered 240 confederate participants selected at random that either rode in a wheelchair or walked around a store asking shoppers to donate 10 cents. They gave some of the shoppers a reason behind their asking and for some, they did not. Taylor found that the confederates that appeared to be disabled were offered more money regardless of if they gave a reason why they were asking for it (Taylor, 1998). This study shows that people feel sympathy towards disabled people and in social situations, they tend to express empathy towards them.

We believe that our experiment will yield a similar outcome, and the participants who present disabled bodies will entice a higher tip than those who are able-bodied. Justification Conducting research on motivating factors behind social action is the root of social psychology at a base level -- understanding why people act they way they do in society through various means. In our research question, we are honing on a part of society in which there is quite a bit of contention, and by examining the interaction between patrons and disabled employees through the act of tipping we stand to learn more concerning how people interact with disabled workers as a socially marginalized group. Additionally, our research aims to provide evidence that can reinforce or dismantle the claim that disabled workers garner sympathy, and in turn, accumulate more tips than non-disabled workers.

Ultimately, this is the root of our research hypothesis, as we believe that because tipping is an inherently social action, people will tend to tip more towards disabled workers because of the stereotype that disabled people need more help in society than other groups. Though there has been research done revolving around the factors we aim to utilize (empathy, tip values overall, etc.), we see this as a more specialized experiment which will yield more specific data relating to the issue. Experimental Design The purpose of our experiment is to see if being serviced by a disabled person with an eye patch versus a non-disabled person entices a higher tip out of customers. Our experiment is on people who eat and tip at Denny’s in Jersey City, New Jersey.

We chose this location because it is the most diverse location in terms of socio-economic factors such as class, race, ethnicity, gender and family structure (McCann, 2018). More specifically, we will be analyzing the tipping habits of people who go to Denny’s because it is one of the most popular restaurants in the United States and it an economically feasible dining option, thus this research population is more inclusive and representative of the United States population. Having the server present able-bodiedness serves as our control group because this is the way they would typically present themselves at work. Our independent variable is having that same server present disabled-bodiedness by wearing an eyepatch while they work.

The server selected will have 3-5 years of experience serving because this is the average lifespan of a serving career. The server selected will be close to the age of 30, because this is the median age of servers in the United States, (CITE) thus the most representative employee. Our participants, all customers who enter Denny’s in Jersey City in 2019, will be anonymously observed throughout the year by their tipping habits. Our experiment will take place over a period of 10 working days. For the first five working days, the designated server will be instructed to serve as they normally do.

By the end of these 5 working days, tips made by all customers will be added up and recorded. The following 5 working days, the same employees will be instructed to serve as they normally do, however, they will be wearing an eye patch. We think it is important to experiment with the same server so that no other variables, such as different serving styles, can influence the amount of money made in tips. By the end of these 5 working days, tips will be added up and recorded. The same process will take place once a month for a year, to ensure that no special circumstances such as holidays or public events influence one’s desire to tip more or less.

By the end of the year, the total amount of tips made by the same server will be counted and categorized based on whether or not they were earned while presenting a physical disability. On average, waiters at Denny’s make $9950 per year in tips in the United States. If the total number of tips while presenting a disability significantly exceeds this average or the average of the participating employee, then we will have sufficient evidence to accept our hypothesis. We will perform a hypothesis test to determine the p-value of the results to determine whether or not the evidence is statistically significant. We hypothesize that servers who are visibly physically disabled and wearing an eyepatch are more likely to get higher tips than an able-bodied server at Denny’s in Jersey City, New Jersey.

We believe that empathy and guilt play a role in disproportionate tipping to visibly disabled people. Potential problems that we anticipate threatening the integrity of the research is unexpected circumstances at the restaurant. For example, there may be technical issues such as a power outage that will affect the business and amount of tips the server can make. If issues as such arise, we will not count the tips from that day, and we will also remove tips from one of the days the server was (or was not, depending on the circumstances) presenting disability to attempt to maintain integrity in the tipping totals. Works Cited Cahill, S. E., & Eggleston, R. (1995). Reconsidering the stigma of physical disability: Wheelchair use and public kindness. Sociological Quarterly , 36 (4), . Retrieved from McCann, A. (2018, May 03). 2018's Most Diverse Cities in the U.S. Retrieved December 04, 2018, from McKay, J. K. (1980). The effect of rehabilitation counselor disability status on similarly disabled clients' perceptions of counselor social influence and empathy Available from PsycINFO. (; ). Retrieved from Taylor, Christina J. (1998). Factors Affecting Behavior Toward People with Disabilities, The Journal of Social Psychology, 138:6, , DOI: 10.1080/ Whaley, J. E. (2011). What's in a tip? an exploratory study of the motivations driving consumer tipping behavior (Order No. ). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I: Business; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I: Health & Medicine; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I: Social Sciences. (). Retrieved from Wieseke, Jan., Geigenmà¼ller, Anja., and Florian Kraus. (2012). On the Role of Empathy in Customer-Employee Interactions. Journal of Service Research, 15(3), 316–331 Retrieved From: Non-Performance Does not apply professional and legal standards in support of a care plan. Faculty Comments: “The professional and legal standards that can support the plan of care were not discussed in the paper. This is a requirement for this criterion. Next step is to go back to the literature to find authors who have written about these ideas, so that you can cite them. Please discuss in detail in this section with real-world examples. †Write a 3 page evidence-based health care delivery plan for one component of a heart failure clinic. Nursing within an organization is a critical component of health care delivery and is an essential ingredient in patient outcomes (Kelly & Tazbir, 2014). The concern for quality care that flows from evidence-based practice generates a desired outcome. Without these factors, a nurse cannot be an effective leader. It is important to lead not only from this position but from knowledge and expertise. By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria: · Competency 2: Explain the accountability of the nurse leader for decisions that affect health care delivery and patient outcomes. . Describe accountability tools and procedures used to measure effectiveness. · Competency 3: Apply management strategies and best practices for health care finance, human resources, and materials allocation decisions to improve health care delivery and patient outcomes. . Develop an evidence-based plan for health care delivery. · Competency 4: Apply professional standards of moral, ethical, and legal conduct in professional practice. . Apply professional and legal standards in support of a care plan. · Competency 5: Communicate in manner that is consistent with the expectations of a nursing professional. . Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, mechanics, and current APA style. . Kelly, P., & Tazbir, J. (2014). Essentials of nursing leadership and management (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.