I Need Two Lab Reports Please Follow Instructions

I Need Two Lab Reports Please Follow Instructions Provided

Objective: To have students observe the greenhouse effect and analyze its effect on Earth. Time: This lab will take approximately 1 hour. Materials: · 2- or 3-liter plastic soda bottles (3 bottles per group) · Lamp (100 watt or greater) · One-hole stopper that fits in the mouth of the bottle · 1 sheet of black paper and 1 sheet of white paper · Thermometer · Ruler or meter stick · Tape

Procedure: 1. Each group should obtain a plastic soda bottle. Take the stopper and insert it into the mouth of the bottle. 2. CAREFULLY insert the thermometer into the stopper so that it hangs in the middle of the bottle. You might want to use petroleum jelly to help get the thermometer through the stopper without breaking it. 3. Record the initial temperature of the air in the bottle before turning on the lamp. 4. Position the bottle so that it is 15 cm from the lamp. 5. Turn the light on and watch the temperature change. Once the temperature has not changed for approximately 3 minutes, record the final temperature in the data table that follows. 6. Take the white piece of paper and wrap it around half of the second bottle. Tape the paper on. Repeat steps 4 to 6 and record. 7. Take the black piece of paper and wrap it around half of the third bottle. Tape the paper on. Repeat steps 4 to 6 and record.

Data:

Analysis:

1. How do the bottles represent Earth? The bottles simulate Earth's atmosphere and surface, with the different coverings representing different surface types or land covers that influence heat absorption and reflection. The open bottle demonstrates a baseline temperature, while the covered bottles mimic how different surfaces—such as reflective white or absorbent black—affect heat retention, similar to Earth's diverse terrains and surfaces.
2. Explain the natural greenhouse effect and why it is important to our planet. How many degrees would earth be different without the Greenhouse effect? The natural greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and water vapor trap infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s surface, preventing it from escaping into space. This process maintains Earth's temperature at a habitable level, averaging about 15°C (59°F). Without this effect, Earth's average temperature would plummet to approximately -18°C (0°F), making it inhospitable for most current life forms.
3. Why did the lab have you cover the bottle with white and black paper? What does this represent? Covering the bottles with white and black paper simulates different surface albedos—reflectivity and absorptivity of Earth's surfaces. White paper represents surfaces with high reflectivity, such as snow or ice, which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat. Black paper represents surfaces with low reflectivity, such as asphalt or soil, which absorb more sunlight and heat. This demonstrates how surface type influences temperature and heat retention on Earth.
4. List all the chemicals that have been linked to climate change, both natural and anthropogenic. Differentiate between GWP of different gases. Greenhouse gases linked to climate change include natural gases like water vapor, methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂), and anthropogenic gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Global Warming Potential (GWP) measures how much heat a gas traps compared to CO₂ over a specific time horizon—over 100 years, methane has a GWP of approximately 28-36, N₂O around 265-298, and HFCs can vary from hundreds to thousands, making some synthetic gases significantly more potent than CO₂.
5. How is global warming affecting the environment? What are major impacts on the environment caused by climate change? Global warming leads to rising sea levels, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, melting glaciers and polar ice, and shifts in ecosystems and biodiversity. These changes threaten coastal communities through flooding, disrupt agricultural productivity, threaten aquatic and terrestrial species, and lead to habitat loss and extinction of vulnerable species. Additionally, climate change exacerbates weather extremes like hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves, further impairing human and ecological resilience.

References

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• Le Treut, H., et al. (2007). Historical overview of climate change science. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. IPCC.
• Myhre, G., et al. (2013). Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report.
• NASA Earth Observatory. (2022). Greenhouse Effect. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GreenhouseEffect
• Ramanathan, V., & Goldblatt, C. (2010). Greenhouse gases and aerosols. In Climate Change and Its Impacts. Springer.
• Stocker, T. F., et al. (2014). Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2019). Emissions Gap Report 2019. UNEP.
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• Wuebbles, D. J., et al. (2017). Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. U.S. Global Change Research Program.
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