IBM SPSS Step-By-Step Guide: T Tests

IBM SPSS Step-by-Step Guide: t Tests Note: This guide is an example of creating t test output in SPSS with the grades.sav file. The variables shown in this guide do not correspond with the actual variables assigned in Unit 8 Assignment 1. Carefully follow the Unit 8 Assignment 1 instructions for a list of assigned variables. Screen shots were created with SPSS 21.0. Assumptions of t Tests To complete Section 2 of the DAA for Unit 8 Assignment 1, you will generate SPSS output for a histogram, descriptive statistics, and the Shapiro-Wilk test. (Levene test output will appear in Section 4 of the DAA). Refer to the Unit 8 assignment instructions for a list of assigned variables. The example variables of lowup and final are shown below. Step 1. Open grades.sav in SPSS. Step 2. Generate SPSS output for the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality. (Refer to previous step-by-step guides for generating histogram output and descriptives output for the Unit 8 assignment variables.) · On the Analyze menu, point to Descriptive Statistics and click Explore… · In the Explore dialog box, move the assigned Unit 8 variables into the Dependent List box. The final variable is used as an example below. · Click the Plots… button. · In the Explore: Plots dialog box, select the Normality plots with tests option. · Click Continue and then OK. Step 3. Copy the Tests of Normality table and paste it into Section 2 of the DAA Template. Interpret the output. Note: The Levene test is also generated as part of the SPSS t- test output for Section 4 (discussed next). You do not have to provide the Levene test output twice. You can report and interpret it in Section 2 and then provide the actual output in Section 4. Reporting of t Tests DAA Section 4 involves generating the t-test output and interpreting it. The example variables of lowup (lower division = 1; upper division = 2) and final are shown below. Step 1. Generate SPSS output for the t test. · On the Analyze menu, point to Compare Means and click Independent-Samples T Test… Step 2. In the Independent-Samples T Test dialog box: · First, move the Unit 8 Assignment 1 dependent variable into the Test Variable(s) box. · Second, move the Unit 8 assignment variable into the Grouping Variable box. Notice the (?) after the variable. The values of the independent variable are assigned in the next step. · Third, click the Define Groups… button. · Fourth, in the Define Groups dialog box, assign the corresponding values: Group 1 = 1, Group 2 = 2. · Fifth, click Continue and then OK. Step 3. Copy the output for the independent samples test and paste it into Section 4 of the DAA Template. Then interpret it as described in the Unit 8 assignment instructions. writing parts: total 3 full page (double-written) 1/ Essays (Answer Three of them) required 2 full page for 3 answer ( double- written) 1. Suppose you had the option of doubling the total amount of happiness in the world by either doubling the happiness of existing people or doubling the number of people in the world. Is there any reason to prefer one over the other? Are they utilitarian reasons? 2. Suppose you are a soldier peering down the sight of a bazooka at an enemy tank with six innocent civilians strapped to the outside. Should you fire your bazooka knowing that you will probably kill all the civilians but may not stop the tank? Why or why not? 3. Should we try to reform criminals by erasing their memories? Should we try to reform criminals by changing their character? Is one method preferable to the other? Why or why not? 4. Are split-brain patients really two people in one skull? Are there any physical experiments we could conduct to determine whether two people are present? Describe any such experiments. 5. Is there a reliable test for determining whether any purported work of sacred scripture is truly the word of God? What is it? Does any work of sacred scripture pass that test? Would members of other religions agree? 6. Southern ministers before the Civil War used the Bible to defend the institution of slavery. With existence of Old Testament laws defending slavery and Paul’s statements telling slaves to obey their masters, how could you combat the Southern ministers’ argument? 7. The ultimate virtual reality machine would present a world so real that we couldn’t tell that it was fake. Can you know that you’re not plugged into an ultimate virtual reality machine right now? If not, what difference does it make? 8. According to existentialists, when is a choice authentic? 2/ story problem: required 1 full page ( double- written) Story Problem: Deal with the following ethical problem based on either Kant’s categorical imperative or Bentham’s utilitarianism. Then give your own opinion. George Wilson is in charge of interrogating suspected terrorists for the government. He learned from outside sources that one prisoner, Mr. X, knows the location of a dirty bomb planted in a large American city ready to go off in 24 hours. Only Mr. X knows the exact location. After using accepted interrogation techniques, Mr. X still does not disclose the location. George has learned from other sources that Mr. X’s greatest fear is to be blinded. Does George use the threat of blindness to get the information to the location of the bomb? Does he even blind him in one eye to show he is serious? DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION TEMPLATE 2 Data Analysis and Application (DAA) Template Learner Name Capella University Data Analysis and Application (DAA) Template Use this file for all assignments that require the DAA Template. Although the statistical tests will change from week to week, the basic organization and structure of the DAA remains the same. Update the title of the template. Remove this text and provide a brief introduction. Section 1: Data File Description Describe the context of the data set. You may cite your previous description if the same data set is used from a previous assignment. Specify the variables used in this DAA and the scale of measurement of each variable. Specify sample size ( N ). Section 2: Testing Assumptions 1. Articulate the assumptions of the statistical test. Paste SPSS output that tests those assumptions and interpret them. Properly integrate SPSS output where appropriate. Do not string all output together at the beginning of the section. Summarize whether or not the assumptions are met. If assumptions are not met, discuss how to ameliorate violations of the assumptions. Section 3: Research Question, Hypotheses, and Alpha Level 1. Articulate a research question relevant to the statistical test. 2. Articulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. 3. Specify the alpha level. Section 4: Interpretation 1. Paste SPSS output for an inferential statistic. Properly integrate SPSS output where appropriate. 2. Report the test statistics. 3. Interpret statistical results against the null hypothesis. Section 5: Conclusion 1. State your conclusions. 2. Analyze strengths and limitations of the statistical test. References Provide references if necessary.

Paper For Above instruction

The provided guide offers a comprehensive step-by-step process for conducting independent-samples t-tests using IBM SPSS, specifically utilizing the grades.sav dataset. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the assumptions underlying t-tests, such as normality and homogeneity of variances, which are assessed through tests like the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's test. The guide details procedures for generating necessary outputs, including histograms, descriptive statistics, normality tests, and the actual t-test results. These outputs facilitate rigorous interpretation aligned with research hypotheses.

In applying statistical analysis using SPSS, adherence to assumptions ensures the validity of results. For normality, the Shapiro-Wilk test, along with histograms, helps determine whether the data distribution approximates normality—a critical requirement for t-tests. If assumptions are violated, alternative approaches like transforming data or using non-parametric tests may be warranted. Levene's test examines the equality of variances across groups, influencing the choice between the standard t-test or Welch’s correction.

This guide aligns with the broader research process, beginning with data exploration and assumption testing before progressing to inferential statistics. The process involves defining the research question, hypotheses, and significance level, followed by executing the t-test, interpreting the results, and drawing conclusions. The detailed steps with screenshot instructions serve as a practical framework applicable across diverse datasets and research contexts, fostering accurate and reliable statistical analysis with SPSS.

References

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• Wilk, M. B., & Shapiro, S. S. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3/4), 591-611.
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