Immunity Complete: The Following Discussions On Vaccines Are

Immunitycomplete The Following Discussionsvaccines Are Inactive Or Pa

Immunitycomplete The Following Discussionsvaccines Are Inactive Or Pa

Immunity Complete the following discussions: Vaccines are inactive or partially active forms of a pathogen that trick the immune system into acting early by producing antibodies. This allows a person's immune response to prepare itself in case it encounters the natural pathogen. Describe the differences between a live and dead vaccine. What are the risks associated with both vaccines? What does herd immunity mean?

Research the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) website for vaccine-preventable diseases and identify the diseases that are on the rise. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system produces antibodies that attack the body's own tissues. The signs and symptoms of autoimmune disorders depend on the type of cell that is affected. Describe an autoimmune disorder, other than multiple sclerosis, colorectal cancer, psoriasis, asthma, respiratory syncytial virus infections, Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Describe a few symptoms of the disease. APA format cite citatiations.

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction to Vaccines and Immunity

Vaccines are crucial tools in preventing infectious diseases by training the immune system to recognize and combat pathogens. They can be classified into two main types: live attenuated vaccines and inactivated (or killed) vaccines. Understanding the differences, associated risks, and the concept of herd immunity is vital in appreciating their roles in public health.

Differences Between Live and Dead Vaccines

Live attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the pathogen that can replicate without causing serious illness in healthy individuals. Examples include the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella vaccine. Because these vaccines mimic a natural infection closely, they tend to produce robust and long-lasting immunity. However, they carry a small risk of reverting to a more virulent form, which can cause disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals (Plotkin, 2014).

In contrast, inactivated vaccines contain pathogens that have been killed or inactivated through chemical or heat processes. They cannot replicate or cause disease. Examples include the polio (IPV) and hepatitis A vaccines. While safer for immunocompromised persons, inactivated vaccines generally induce a weaker immune response and often require multiple doses or boosters to maintain immunity (Rappuoli et al., 2016).

Risks Associated with Both Vaccines

Live attenuated vaccines, although highly effective, may pose risks such as vaccine-derived infections or adverse reactions, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. These side effects can include mild symptoms like redness and swelling or, rarely, more severe reactions like vaccine-induced disease (Verez-Bencomo & Borras, 2018).

Inactivated vaccines, on the other hand, have fewer safety concerns but can sometimes trigger side effects such as soreness at the injection site, fever, or allergic reactions. In very rare cases, adverse immune responses may occur, but such risks are generally low compared to the benefits conferred by vaccination (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2021).

Herd Immunity and Its Significance

Herd immunity refers to the protection of unvaccinated individuals when a high proportion of the population is immunized against a contagious disease. This reduces the overall amount of pathogen circulation, thereby limiting outbreaks. Achieving herd immunity requires sufficient vaccination coverage, often calculated based on the disease's infectivity; for instance, approximately 95% of the population needs to be vaccinated against measles to prevent outbreaks (Fine et al., 2011). Herd immunity not only safeguards vulnerable groups who cannot be vaccinated but also helps eradicate diseases globally.

Vaccine-Preventable Diseases on the Rise

According to the CDC, several vaccine-preventable diseases are on the rise, including measles, whose resurgence is linked to decreased vaccination coverage in certain regions. Pertussis (whooping cough) has also reemerged as a significant public health concern owing to waning immunity and vaccine hesitancy. Additionally, there is an increasing incidence of hepatitis A and B in some areas, often driven by socioeconomic factors and decreased vaccination rates (CDC, 2022).

Autoimmune Diseases and Their Symptoms

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets the body's own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. One such disorder is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as lupus. SLE is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, and heart.

Common symptoms of lupus include fatigue, joint pain and swelling, skin rashes (particularly a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks), and sensitivity to sunlight. Some patients also experience fever, hair loss, and chest pain associated with inflammation of the lining of the lungs (Petri et al., 2012). The unpredictable nature of lupus symptoms and their variation among individuals make it a complex and challenging disease to manage.

Conclusion

Vaccines, both live attenuated and inactivated, are essential in controlling infectious diseases globally. Their differences in composition and associated risks highlight the importance of tailored vaccination strategies. Achieving herd immunity is critical in protecting populations, especially those unable to receive vaccines. Monitoring vaccine-preventable diseases and understanding autoimmune conditions, such as lupus, are pivotal in maintaining public health and advancing medical research.

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Vaccine safety. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/index.html
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/vaccinedisease.html
• Fine, P., Eames, K., & Heymann, D. L. (2011). "Herd immunity": A rough guide. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52(7), 911–916.
• Petri, M., Orbai, A. M., Alarcón, G. S., et al. (2012). Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 64(8), 2677–2686.
• Plotkin, S. (2014). History of vaccination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(34), 12283–12287.
• Rappuoli, R., Mandl, C. W., Black, S., & De Gregorio, E. (2016). Vaccines for the twenty-first century. European Journal of Immunology, 46(1), 13–26.
• Verez-Bencomo, V., & Borras, E. (2018). Live attenuated vaccines: Old and new challenges. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1831.