In Lab 9 Students Performed Acid-Base Titrations Redox React

In Lab 9 Students Performed Acid Base Titrations Redox Reactions Can

In Lab 9, students performed acid-base titrations. Redox reactions can also be used in titrations. An example is the titration of ascorbic acid (H2C6H6O6) in lemon juice using triiodide (I3–). A starch indicator turns the solution blue-black at the endpoint. The half-reactions involved are as follows:

C6H6O6 + 2 H+ + 2 e– → H2C6H6O6           (0.06 V)

I3– + 2 e– → 3 I–           (0.53 V)

(a) What is the net redox reaction that occurs? (Use the lowest possible coefficients, omit states-of-matter from your answer.)

(b) What is the stoichiometry of H2C6H6O6 to I3–? 3:1, 8:3, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 3:8, 1:3

(c) Use the data provided below to determine the amount of ascorbic acid in lemon juice, noting that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is 90 mg.

Data Table P6: Titration of ascorbic acid in lemon juice with I3– (concentration 0.0210 M)

• Volume of lemon juice: 83.44 mL
• Mass of lemon juice: 84.94 g
• Equivalence volume of I3–: 14.93 mL
• Calculations involve: mmol of I3–, mmol of H2C6H6O6, mass in mg of H2C6H6O6

Determine the errors associated with galvanic cell set-up when the anode is on the left, considering which components may be misplaced or misaligned, such as electrodes in incorrect solutions, electron flow directions, salt bridge ion migration, or electrode compartments.

Suppose your strongest reducing agent is added to your strongest oxidizing agent. The half-reactions are given as follows:

a) Mg → Mg²+ + 2 e–

b) MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e– → Mn²+ + 4 H2O

To balance electrons, balance the half-reactions by multiplying as needed; the net redox reaction is then assembled accordingly.

In assembling a battery with the cathode in compartment A, involving Sn²+/Sn and Cu²+/Cu couples, the half-reactions are:

• Compartments A (cathode): Sn → Sn²+ + 2 e–
• Compartments B (anode): Cu²+ + 2 e– → Cu

The net redox reaction for this setup is Sn + Cu²+ → Sn²+ + Cu.

Finally, analysis of ratios and financial data for Barry Computer Co. and its industry include calculations of the current ratio, quick ratio, inventory turnover, turnover ratios, profit margins, ROA, ROE, ROIC, and DuPont decompositions to assess strengths and weaknesses, as well as the effects of rapid growth or seasonal variations on the validity of the ratios.

Paper For Above instruction

Redox titrations serve as crucial analytical tools complementing acid-base titrations in chemistry laboratories. The titration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) with triiodide exemplifies the application of redox reactions in quantitative analysis. In this context, the core reactions involve the oxidation of ascorbic acid and the reduction of triiodide ion, which is indicated by a starch-iodine complex turning blue-black at the endpoint.

Determining the Net Redox Reaction

The provided half-reactions are:

• Oxidation: C6H6O6 + 2 H+ + 2 e– → H2C6H6O6
• Reduction: I3– + 2 e– → 3 I–

Balancing the electrons in these two half-reactions leads to determining the overall reaction pathway. Since the oxidation half consumes 2 electrons and the reduction produces 2 electrons, the electrons cancel out directly, resulting in the net redox reaction:

C6H6O6 + I3– + 2 H+ → H2C6H6O6 + 3 I–

In this reaction, one molecule of ascorbic acid reduces one triiodide ion, with protons facilitating the oxidation process in acidic solution.

Stoichiometry of Ascorbic Acid and Triiodide

From the balanced equation, the molar ratio between ascorbic acid and triiodide ion (I3–) is 1:1. This implies that one mole of ascorbic acid reduces one mole of triiodide ion, confirming the stoichiometry as 1:1. The options (3:1, 8:3, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 3:8, 1:3) indicate that the most accurate choice aligned with the balanced reaction is 1:1.

Calculating the Quantity of Ascorbic Acid in Lemon Juice

The titration utilized 14.93 mL of 0.0210 M triiodide solution to neutralize the ascorbic acid in 83.44 mL of lemon juice. To determine the actual amount of vitamin C:

Number of mmol of I3– used:

• 0.0210 mol/L × 14.93 mL = 0.0003141 mol = 0.3141 mmol

Given the 1:1 molar ratio, the mmol of ascorbic acid in the lemon juice equals the mmol of I3– used, i.e., 0.3141 mmol.

Mass of ascorbic acid:

• Mass = mmol × molar mass (176.12 g/mol):
• 0.3141 mmol × 176.12 g/mol = 0.0553 g = 55.3 mg

The community average daily recommendation of 90 mg indicates the lemon juice contains approximately 55.3 mg of vitamin C, constituting about 61.4% of the RDA.

Evaluation of Galvanic Cell Set-up Errors

When analyzing galvanic cell diagrams, errors can arise due to misplacement of electrodes or solution components. Common issues include electrodes being placed in incorrect solutions, electrons traveling in unintended directions, migration of ions across the salt bridge inappropriately, and misalignment of electrodes and compartments. An incorrect setup may lead to inaccurate voltage readings or non-functional cells.

In systems where the anode is positioned on the left, potential errors include the electrodes being in unsuitable solutions, leading to non-representative redox conditions, and migration of ions that disrupt charge balance. Electrons should travel through the external circuit from the anode to cathode, and ion migration should occur across the salt bridge to maintain charge neutrality, not to favor one electrode in error.

Redox Reactions and Electrochemical Cells

Considering hypothetical reactions involving magnesium and permanganate, the oxidation half-reaction is Mg → Mg²+ + 2 e–. The reduction half-reaction involving permanganate is:

MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e– → Mn²+ + 4 H2O

Balancing electrons requires multiplying the oxidation reaction by 5 and the reduction by 2 to balance the electrons transferred:

• Oxidation: 5 Mg → 5 Mg²+ + 10 e–
• Reduction: 2 MnO4– + 16 H+ + 10 e– → 2 Mn²+ + 8 H2O

The net redox process combines these, producing a balanced overall reaction indicative of potential energy generation.

Constructing a Voltage-Generating Cell

In setting up a voltaic cell with Sn²+/Sn and Cu²+/Cu couples, the reaction with a positive cell potential involves Sn acting as the anode and Cu as the cathode. The half-reactions are:

• Compartment A (cathode): Sn → Sn²+ + 2 e–
• Compartment B (anode): Cu²+ + 2 e– → Cu

The net reaction is: Sn + Cu²+ → Sn²+ + Cu, which proceeds spontaneously under suitable conditions, yielding a positive voltage.

Analysis of Financial Ratios Using DuPont Decomposition

Financial analysis of Barry Computer Co. involves calculating key ratios such as current ratio, quick ratio, inventory turnover, total assets turnover, profit margin, ROA, ROE, ROIC, and leverage ratios. The DuPont analysis decomposes ROE into components: profit margin, asset turnover, and equity multiplier, revealing strengths or weaknesses.

Barry’s ratios compared to industry averages indicate areas where the firm underperforms or exceeds expectations. For instance, a lower profit margin (1.2%) relative to the industry (3%) flags profitability issues, while a high asset turnover (3.0) suggests efficient asset utilization. A detailed examination considers how balance sheet accounts like inventories, receivables, and liabilities contribute to these ratios.

Factors such as rapid growth—doubling sales and assets—can distort ratios if averages are used without adjustments. Such growth can temporarily inflate turnover ratios and leverage, making the ratios less indicative of long-term performance. Correcting for seasonal or growth effects involves averaging over multiple periods or adjusting for known fluctuations, thereby improving ratio validity.

Conclusion

Redox titrations exemplify the power of electrochemical reactions in analytical chemistry, providing precise quantitative measurements of compounds like vitamin C in food samples. Proper cell setup and understanding of electrochemical principles are essential to obtain accurate results, as erroneous setups can significantly distort data. Furthermore, thoughtful financial ratio analysis using tools like the DuPont model reveals insights into a company's operational efficiencies and financial health, especially when accounting for rapid growth or seasonal variations to ensure meaningful interpretation. Together, these methods highlight the interconnectedness of chemical and financial analysis in scientific and business contexts.

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