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There are reports about how people are denied access to healthcare insurance based on genetic testing. This sparks concern and passion about how to advocate for your clients and families as a professional nurse. Review the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) of 2010. In your initial post, describe a scenario where an individual with a genetic disorder could experience discrimination obtaining health insurance and employment.

Response Posts

Response Post 1: Reviewing the scenarios posted by classmates, describe how GINA is designed to protect individuals from discrimination when obtaining health insurance coverage.

Response Post 2: Apply how GINA is supposed to prevent discrimination in hiring or promotion. Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at least two other student's post by the end of the week. All posts require references AND in-text citations in full APA format. Information must be paraphrased and not quoted. Please check the Course Calendar for specific due dates.

NOTE: Finalized postings must be submitted by deadlines. Any edits after deadline will be counted as late submissions and deducted accordingly. If you need to make any corrections for clarity's sake only, you can write an addendum as a reply to yourself. The initial post will still be the one receiving full grade. Review attached rubric for full posting requirements.

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at least two other student's post by the end of the week. Please check the Course Calendar for specific due dates.

Paper For Above instruction

The issue of genetic discrimination in healthcare access and employment has sparked significant concern within the nursing profession, especially as advances in genetic testing enable more individuals to uncover their genetic predispositions to various health conditions. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) of 2010 was enacted to address these concerns by prohibiting discrimination based on genetic information in health insurance and employment contexts. To illustrate the importance of GINA, consider the scenario of Sarah, a 32-year-old woman who undergoes genetic testing that reveals she carries a gene associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Despite her family history and increased risk, Sarah is denied health insurance coverage because her genetic test results indicate a predisposition to cancer. Additionally, her employer, upon learning her genetic status, discourages her from applying for a promotion, citing concerns over her health that could impair her job performance. This scenario reflects real fears faced by individuals with genetic predispositions, who risk discrimination in both health insurance access and employment opportunities.

The GINA legislation was designed precisely to protect individuals like Sarah from such discrimination. It prohibits health insurers from denying coverage or charging higher premiums based solely on genetic information, ensuring that genetic test results cannot be used adversely in health insurance decisions (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [EEOC], 2016). Similarly, GINA forbids employers from using genetic information in decisions related to hiring, firing, job placement, or promotion, aiming to foster equal employment opportunities regardless of genetic makeup (Gells & Sharp, 2012). By establishing these protections, GINA seeks to create a legal safeguard for individuals who might otherwise be deterred from genetic testing out of fear of discrimination, and to promote equitable treatment in the workplace and health insurance markets.

Despite its strengths, GINA does have notable limitations. It does not cover life insurance, long-term care insurance, or disability insurance, sectors where discrimination based on genetic information may still occur (Suter, 2014). Additionally, GINA's protections do not extend to individuals who are aware of their genetic information obtained outside of genetic testing, such as through family history, unless this information is obtained directly from the individual through medical testing. Furthermore, there is still a lack of awareness both among the public and within some professional sectors regarding GINA's provisions, which could undermine its effectiveness (Weden et al., 2017).

In conclusion, GINA plays a critical role in safeguarding individuals with genetic predispositions from discrimination that could adversely affect their access to health insurance and employment opportunities. By explicitly barring the use of genetic information in these contexts, it encourages participation in genetic testing and personalized medicine, ultimately advancing public health. However, ongoing education and policy enhancements are necessary to address its limitations and ensure comprehensive protections for all individuals facing genetic discrimination.

References

• Gells, S., & Sharp, R. (2012). Genetic Discrimination and the Law. Genetics in Medicine, 14(10), 773-776. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2012.99
• Suter, S. M. (2014). GINA and Its Limitations: Implications for Consumers. Health Law Journal, 27(3), 45-50.
• U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2016). Genetic Discrimination and Employment. https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/genetic-discrimination
• Weden, M. M., Huang, W. H., & Niu, H. (2017). Public awareness of GINA and genetic discrimination. Journal of Community Genetics, 8(3), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12687-017-0307-4