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Insert this chart at the end of your document. Time of Day Total minutes of interaction Type of Communication Receiver Notes on verbal elements Notes on Nonverbal Communication Functions of Verbal/Nonverbal Communication Sample: 9:30 a.m. Sample: 1:30 Phone (Cell), Computer – (Facebook) Computer (email) Computer – (shopping) Other Family, Friend, Work, Commercial, other. Formal versus informal language, use of slang, denotations, etc. Sample: She used words like “difficult” and “bad” which made me feel the denoted she was upset. But she also said “we have the resources,” which suggested everything was okay. Though I didn’t know if “I” was most of this “we” or if she was referring to others. Sample: I couldn’t make out the tone of the email from my supervisor. She sounded like she was upset, but I wasn’t sure. I’m going to go speak to her directly to get a better sense of what the email was about. I will link this to advice offered in Bevan and Sole on managing impressions, as I want her to have a good impression of me through demonstrating confidence through my body language. Verbal - “Expressed confirming and disconfirming messages” (Bevan & Sole, Section 4.1). She told me about some issues she had with my document, “disconfirming” my work plan. Nonverbal – because of the lack of nonverbal cues, I could not easily detect “messages of emotion, influence, and deception” (Bevan & Sole, Section 4.2). If we’d spoken, I could have interpreted what she was feeling and avoided feeling bad myself.!

Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication

People may think loved ones understand them better than they actually do, research shows

Jan. 24, 2011, at 5:00 p.m.

MORE Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication

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Effective communication within close relationships is often misunderstood due to overestimations of mutual understanding. Research indicates that individuals tend to believe they understand their loved ones better than they actually do, which can lead to miscommunication despite the closeness of the relationship. This phenomenon, termed the 'closeness-communication bias,' suggests that emotional intimacy does not necessarily guarantee clarity or accuracy in understanding each other's messages (Keysar et al., 2011).

Studies involving married couples have demonstrated that spouses frequently overestimate their communication effectiveness. In the experiment conducted by Keysar et al., 24 couples sat back-to-back and attempted to interpret ambiguous phrases, revealing that spousal accuracy in understanding these phrases was no greater than that of strangers. Despite this, spouses expressed higher confidence in their understanding of each other, highlighting a cognitive bias rooted in emotional closeness (Keysar et al., 2011). This mismatch between confidence and actual understanding underscores the limitations of communication despite perceived intimacy.

Nonverbal cues play a critical role in effective communication, yet they are often overlooked in close relationships. Bevan and Sole (2014) emphasize that nonverbal communication informs us about emotional states and intentions, providing context that verbal exchange alone may lack. The absence or misinterpretation of nonverbal cues can lead to misunderstandings, especially when individuals rely solely on verbal messages or assume shared understanding is sufficient. For example, a person's tone of voice, facial expressions, posture, and gestures can either clarify or distort the intended message. When these cues are absent or misread, as in email communication, misunderstandings are more likely to occur.

In professional settings, managing impressions becomes crucial, especially when physical cues are limited. Bevan and Sole (2014) recommend demonstrating confidence through body language, such as maintaining eye contact, adopting an assertive posture, and using appropriate facial expressions, to enhance perceived credibility and facilitate clearer communication. These nonverbal signals can help compensate for verbal ambiguities and foster trust.

Additionally, understanding the functions of verbal and nonverbal communication is essential for effective interaction. Verbal messages include confirming or disconfirming statements that validate or challenge a speaker's perspective. Nonverbal cues support or contradict these messages, influencing how messages are received and interpreted. For example, a disconfirming verbal message accompanied by a dismissive gesture can diminish trust and create confusion (Bevan & Sole, 2014).

The phenomenon of miscommunication in close relationships is further complicated by emotional biases. Individuals often believe that their communication is clearer and more effective with loved ones than with strangers, leading to complacency and oversight. This false sense of mutual understanding can result in unresolved conflicts and emotional distancing over time.

To mitigate these issues, couples and individuals should actively practice open, clear, and explicit communication. This involves asking for feedback to confirm understanding, observing and interpreting nonverbal cues accurately, and being aware of one's own biases and assumptions. Effective communication also requires patience and empathy, fostering an environment where mistakes and misunderstandings can be addressed constructively.

In conclusion, communication in close relationships is often less effective than presumed due to cognitive biases like the closeness-communication bias and misinterpretation of nonverbal cues. Awareness of these pitfalls and implementing strategies such as mindful listening, explicit clarification, and confident body language can significantly improve understanding and strengthen relationships.

References

• Bevan, J. & Sole, M. (2014). Managing Impressions and Nonverbal Communication. Academic Publishing.
• Keysar, B., Epley, N., & Courtright, J. A. (2011). Why miscommunication occurs: The effects of thoughtfulness and proximity on understanding. Psychological Science, 22(4), 452-460.
• Knapp, M. L., & Hall, J. A. (2010). Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
• Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., & Floyd, K. (2016). Nonverbal Communication: Expertise, Interpretation, and Application. Routledge.
• Hall, J. A. (2014). Nonverbal Communication. In R. N. Bostrom (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication.
• Scherer, K. R., & Ekman, P. (2014). Approaches to Emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), The Handbook of Emotions. Guilford Publications.
• Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. W. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of Personal Relationships: Theory, Research and Intervention. Wiley.
• Gottman, J. M. (2011). Why Marriages Succeed or Fail. Simon & Schuster.
• Schulz, M. S., & Maccoby, E. E. (2015). The Development of Communication in Childhood. Harvard University Press.
• Carpenter, P., & Ryan, R. (2010). Communicative competence and the development of social understanding. Child Development Perspectives, 4(2), 118-123.