International Organizations That Are Supranational

international Organizations That Are Supranationa

International organizations that are supranational subsume __________ within a larger whole. A) intergovernmental organizations B) several states C) subnational actors D) subnational actors Question 2 (2 points) The supranational aspects of the UN are __________. A) further promoted by the UN Security Council B) further promoted by the UN Charter C) mostly limited by the UN Charter D) mostly limited by the UN General Assembly Question 3 (2 points) The European Union is a somewhat more __________ entity than the UN, at a regional level. A) nationalist B) unified C) supranational D) marketable Question 4 (2 points) The integration theory that asserts that technological and economic development lead to more and more supranational structures as states seek practical means to fulfill certain activities is A) functionalism B) neofunctionalism C) supranationalism D) Supranationalism Question 5 (2 points) The Andean Common Market promoted a limited degree of regional integration in A) sub-Saharan Africa B) East Asia C) South America D) Oceania Question 6 (2 points) The form of government adopted in the U.S. Constitution is an example of which principle? A) liberalism B) nationalism C) functionalism D) Integration Question 7 (2 points) Among the costs of integration for states is __________. A) a potential cultural backlash against homogenizing effects B) the declined ability to take advantage of foreign trade C) a declining sense of community as integration proceeds D) a greater diversity of cultures Question 8 (2 points) Turkey continues to seek EU membership, __________. A) and there is increasing popular support in Turkey for EU membership B) and it is likely to achieve that goal by the year 2025 C) and Turkey’s president said in 2018 it was ready to “beg” for membership D) although Turkey’s president said in 2018 it would not “beg” for membership Question 9 (2 points) The European Court of Justice has actively established __________, unlike the World Court. A) judges B) economic commissions C) an appeals process D) its jurisdiction Question 10 (2 points) __________ is a Schengen country though it is not an EU member A) Norway B) Sweden C) Denmark D) Turkey Question 11 (2 points) The Schuman plan led to the establishment of the European __________ in 1952. A) Economic Community B) Coal and Steel Community C) Atomic Energy Community D) Union Question 12 (2 points) About 40 percent of the EU budget is spent on __________. A) the coal and steel industries B) foreign aid to underdeveloped countries C) salaries for EU bureaucrats D) subsidies to farmers Question 13 (2 points) Which statement is true regarding the European Court of Justice? A) The Court can overrule national law when it conflicts with EU law. B) Cases before the Court cannot be brought by individuals or businesses. C) The Court has no established jurisdiction. D) The Court serves as merely a mechanism of international mediation. Question 14 (2 points) The Maastricht Treaty includes which of the following? A) renaming the European Economic Community the European Community B) renaming the European Economic Community the European Community C) eliminating the proposal for establishing a common foreign policy D) eliminating nontariff barriers to trade Question 15 (2 points) Which of the following is a criterion to join a single currency in the EU? A) national debt above 60 percent of GDP B) inflation no more than 10 percentage points above the average of the three lowest-inflation members C) budget deficit less than 3 percent of GDP D) balance-of-payment deficit less than 10 percent of GDP Question 16 (2 points) An example of a prominent internationally integrated scientific area of European society is the __________. A) European Space Agency B) eurozone C) Euratom D) Schengen Area Question 17 (2 points) The first step in creating crosscutting economic linkages in Europe after World War II that would prevent future wars called for the merger of which industries? A) steel and oil B) coal and railroad C) defense and oil D) steel and coal Question 18 (2 points) European integration is following a certain plan, from free trade area to customs union to common market. What is an example of the next step in the process? A) integration of defense strategy B) unified political structure C) establishment of an economic and monetary union D) inclusion of Eastern European states Question 19 (2 points) The Single European Act is an example of an attempt at the creation of a __________ through comprehensive changes. A) common market B) war treaty C) court of justice D) defense community Question 20 (2 points) Which economic theory best describes the exemption certain countries received in the so-called chocolate wars? A) economic liberalism B) constructivism C) mercantilism D) Idealism Question 21 (2 points) Which of the following is the order of progression of economic integration? A) free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union B) free trade area, common market, customs union, economic union C) free trade area, customs union, economic union, common market D) free trade area, customs union, monetary union, economic union Question 22 (2 points) How does the European Commission compare with the Council of the European Union A) Commission membership is based on the size of the member state’s economy, whereas Council of the European Union membership is based on one member per member state. B) Commission membership is approved by the Council of the European Union, whereas Council of the European Union membership is approved by the European Parliament. C) Commission membership is based on one member per member state, whereas Council of the European Union membership varies from one meeting to the next depending on the topic being discussed. Question 23 (2 points) The country that is scheduled to leave the EU in 2019 is __________. A) Iceland B) Greece C) Luxembourg D) Great Britain Question 24 (2 points) The Treaty of Rome created which institution? A) European Coal and Steel Community B) European Economic Community C) European Council D) European Union Question 25 (2 points) Which countries were the first to join the (then) European Community after its founding? A) Britain, Ireland, and Denmark B) Greece, Spain, and Portugal C) Austria, Sweden, and Finland D) Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein Question 26 (2 points) That the world had over 7.5 billion cell phone subscriptions in 2017—nearly as many as people and far outnumbering the 1 billion landlines—is an example of __________. A) an unaffordable technology B) a bid to expand cell phones’ U.S. audience C) the empowering of ordinary citizens D) the infrastructure for Internet sales Question 27 (2 points) Technology, especially information technology, is shifting power from __________ to __________. A) governments; transnational actors B) substate actors; individuals C) individuals; states D) governments; individuals Question 28 (2 points) Recent trends appear to be progressing in the direction of a more __________. A) culturally imperialistic world culture B) multilateral world culture C) technologically limited culture D) unilateral global system Qatar has introduced a potent force in Middle East politics, which is __________. A) an all-news satellite TV network B) an extensive 4G cell phone network C) digital video cameras in all college classrooms D) a pan-Arab military force Question 30 (2 points) After the Soviet Union collapsed, leaders of the Soviet Union’s former republics asked the U.S. secretary of state, __________. A) “How do I get CNN?” B) “Where is our financial assistance?” C) “How does the Internet work?” D) “Will you assist in our demilitarization?”

Paper For Above instruction

International organizations that are classified as supranational play a pivotal role in shaping global governance by subsuming states and other actors within a larger, integrated framework. A supranational organization extends its authority beyond national boundaries, creating a level of governance that member states voluntarily cede to achieve broader objectives. Examples include the European Union (EU), where member states relinquish certain sovereign powers to participate in a unified economic and political entity. This contrasts with purely intergovernmental organizations, where states retain full sovereignty and decision-making authority (Nye, 2004). The concept of supranationalism challenges traditional notions of sovereignty, implying that member states accept jurisdiction and policy-making authority that transcend national borders, fostering regional integration and cooperation.

The supranational aspects of the United Nations (UN) are particularly limited, with the structure of the organization emphasizing sovereign equality among member states. While the UN allows for collective security and peacekeeping operations, its capacity to enforce policies or override national sovereignty is restrained by the UN Charter and the principles enshrined within it. The Security Council can recommend actions and impose sanctions, but major decisions often require consensus or approval from the General Assembly, which is largely advisory (Weiss, 2013). Therefore, the UN’s supranational features are mostly limited, emphasizing cooperation over direct authority.

In regional contexts, the European Union exemplifies a more advanced form of supranationalism compared to the UN. The EU operates as a regional bloc with institutions like the European Parliament, European Court of Justice, and the European Central Bank, which possess varying degrees of autonomous authority (Chalmers et al., 2014). The EU has developed a more integrated and unified polity, with policies that bind member states in areas such as trade, agriculture, and criminal justice, illustrating greater supranational features than global organizations like the UN.

Theories of regional integration shed light on processes driving deeper cooperation. Functionalism, as an integration theory, posits that technological and economic advances prompt the creation of supranational structures. This theory suggests that practical needs for managing shared resources or cross-border issues lead to incremental integration, fostering cooperation in specific functional areas (Haas, 1958). Neofunctionalism builds on this, emphasizing that economic integration generates political pressures for further integration, creating a spillover effect that leads to deeper supranational institutions. These theories account for how economic and technological developments push states towards pooling sovereignty in targeted sectors (Sandholtz & Stone Sweet, 1998).

Regional integration efforts have varied globally, with the Andean Community developing in South America as a form of regional cooperation to promote economic development and political stability. Initially formed to coordinate trade policies among member states, it aimed to foster economic growth through tariff reductions and policy harmonization, although its achievements have been modest (Busch & Jaramillo, 2012). Similar regional arrangements include ASEAN in Southeast Asia, CARICOM in the Caribbean, and the African Union in Africa, each reflecting different levels and goals of integration.

In the context of the United States, the Constitution embodies the principle of federalism, which balances sovereignty between the national government and states. Federalism involves shared sovereignty, where both levels of government have constitutionally protected powers. The American government thus exemplifies a political principle that allocates authority across multiple levels, facilitating national unity while preserving state autonomy (Elazar, 1987).

Integration can impose costs on participating states. Among these are potential cultural homogenization and the loss of unique national identities, leading to cultural backlash or resentment against supranational entities promoting uniform policies. Additionally, economic integration might reduce a country's ability to benefit from certain foreign trade opportunities if they are restricted by common policies, or it can diminish a sense of community among diverse populations as integration progresses. Greater cultural diversity may also challenge national cohesion, especially when integration efforts appear to favor certain groups or interests over others (Sørensen, 2007).

Turkey’s ongoing pursuit of European Union membership exemplifies a complex geopolitical ambition. Despite persistent negotiations and reforms aimed at convergence with EU standards, public support remains divided, and political considerations influence negotiations. In 2018, Turkish President Erdoğan stated that Turkey would not "beg" for EU membership, reflecting the political realities and tensions in the accession process (Kaufman, 2018). The EU's response to Turkey's bid is characterized by cautious engagement, acknowledging economic and geopolitical interests but also concerns over democracy and human rights.

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has played a crucial role in establishing the legal authority of the EU. Unlike the International Court of Justice, which adjudicates disputes between states, the ECJ has actively asserted its jurisdiction over national laws that conflict with EU legislation, ensuring the supremacy of EU law (Shaw, 2014). The Court's ability to overrule national laws underscores the development of a supranational judicial system that enforces uniform standards across member states, strengthening the legal integration of the EU.

The Schengen Agreement, initiated in 1985, resulted in the creation of the Schengen Area in 1995, enabling passport-free travel among member states. Norway, although not an EU member, is part of the Schengen Zone, exemplifying borderless cooperation. Schengen’s implementation facilitates mobility across borders, promoting regional integration and economic exchange (Guild, 2015).

The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), established in 1952 through the Schuman Plan, was a pioneering effort that aimed to integrate vital industries of coal and steel among France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The ECSC intended to prevent future conflicts by binding these economically crucial sectors, laying the groundwork for further European integration (Jones, 2004).

The EU budget allocates a significant portion, approximately 40 percent, to agricultural subsidies, mainly aimed at farmers across member states. This policy has been central to the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), designed to stabilize food prices, support rural development, and ensure food security (Baldock & Louki, 2010). Despite criticisms relating to budget inefficiency, the CAP remains a cornerstone of EU spending.

The European Court of Justice holds the authority to overrule national laws when they conflict with EU directives, establishing the supremacy of EU legal standards. This legal sovereignty is a key feature of European integration, ensuring uniform application of laws and regulations across member states (Shaw, 2014). The Court’s decisions have been instrumental in deepening legal integration within the EU.

The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992, marked a critical step in European integration by establishing the European Union and introducing the concept of a single currency, the euro. It also expanded EU competencies into areas such as foreign policy and justice, creating a platform for political and economic union (Weatherill, 2017).

Joining the single currency, the euro, involves meeting specific economic criteria known as the Maastricht criteria. A primary requirement is that member states maintain a budget deficit below 3 percent of GDP, and government debt below 60 percent. Inflation rates should be no more than 1.5 percentage points higher than the average of the three lowest-inflation countries, ensuring macroeconomic stability (European Central Bank, 2020).

European scientific cooperation is exemplified by the European Space Agency (ESA), which coordinates space exploration and research activities across member countries. ESA has successfully managed numerous joint missions, fostering international scientific integration and technological advancement (European Space Agency, 2021).

Post-World War II, the initial move towards economic integration involved merging the coal and steel industries. The Schuman Plan proposed the integration of these industries among France and Germany to foster cooperation, prevent future conflicts, and lay the foundation for the European Economic Community (EEC). This economic unification aimed to create interdependence and stability in the continent (Jones, 2004).

The next logical step in European economic integration after forming a free trade area, customs union, and common market is the establishment of an economic and monetary union (EMU). The EMU involves adopting a common currency (the euro) and synchronized monetary policies, offering deeper economic integration and financial stability among member states (Haas, 1964).

The Single European Act (SEA), signed in 1986, was a landmark treaty aimed at creating a single market within the European Communities. It introduced comprehensive reforms to facilitate free movement of goods, services, capital, and people by removing barriers and harmonizing regulations across member states (Cusack, 2002).

The economic "chocolate wars" can be explained through the lens of mercantilism, which emphasizes trade protectionism and competitiveness. Countries engaged in the so-called chocolate wars often sought to protect their domestic industries through tariffs or trade barriers, reflecting mercantilist policies that prioritize national economic interest over free trade principles (Liu, 2007).

The order of progression of economic integration begins with establishing a free trade area, followed by a customs union with common tariffs, then a common market allowing free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor, and finally an economic union with harmonized economic policies. This sequence reflects increasing levels of integration and policy coordination (Balassa, 1961).

The European Commission and the Council of the European Union have distinct functions. The European Commission is composed of members nominated by each member state and is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, and managing EU policies. The Council, consisting of ministers from member states, debates and approves legislation, representing member state interests. Commission members are approved collectively, and the Council’s composition varies depending on policy areas (Craig & de Búrca, 2015).

The country scheduled to leave the EU in 2019 is Great Britain, following the 2016 referendum vote for Brexit. This decision marked a significant shift in European politics, with profound economic and diplomatic implications (Bickerton, 2019).

The Treaty of Rome, signed in 1957, established the European Economic Community (EEC), laying the groundwork for deeper economic integration among member states. The treaty also created key institutions to oversee this process, including the European Commission and the European Parliament, fostering cooperation and common policies (O’Neill, 1996).

The first countries to join the European Community after its founding were Britain, Ireland, and Denmark in 1973. Their accession reflected initial efforts to expand the community and deepen economic ties across Europe (Wionczek, 1978).

The rapid growth of mobile phone subscriptions, surpassing 7.5 billion in 2017, exemplifies technological infrastructure empowering ordinary citizens. This connectivity facilitates access to information, services, and commerce, transforming social and economic landscapes globally (International Telecommunication Union, 2018).

Technological advances, particularly in information technology, have shifted power from governments to individuals. With the rise of the internet, social media, and digital platforms, individuals can now influence public opinion, mobilize support, and access information independently of government control (Castells, 2010).

Recent global trends suggest movement toward a more multilateral world culture, emphasizing international cooperation and interconnectedness. This trend reflects the growing influence of transnational organizations, international law, and global civil society, reducing the dominance of unilateral or culturally imperialistic visions (Keene, 2014).

Qatar has introduced a potent regional force in Middle East politics through the establishment of a pan-Arab military force. This initiative aims to increase regional security, counterbalance rival states, and exert influence in regional conflicts, marking a significant development in Middle East geop