James John Paragraph Description Of The Term Including Its H

James John Paragraph description of the term including its historical significance

Web Resourceshttpsexhibitionsasianartorgexhibitionschinas Terra

Web Resourceshttpsexhibitionsasianartorgexhibitionschinas Terra

Web Resources James John Paragraph description of the term including its historical significance (Instructions: 4a) HIS 111 May 30, 2017 Ancestor Scavenger Hunt Cherokee The Cherokee believe they always lived in the southern Appalachian Mountains. They trace their history back 13,000 years when they were hunters and gatherers. During the Woodland period (1000 b.c.e. – 900 c.e.), they planted some crops, hunted, fished, and gathered wild food. They also made pottery, textiles, carved wood and stone. During the Mississippian period (900 – 1500 c.e.), they moved into towns permanently.

They developed the “Three Sisters” agricultural technique: they planted corn, beans, and squash. They hung birdhouses around the field. This agricultural technique produced an increase in food, which gave the tribe leisure time. They built mounds, celebrated religious ceremonies, and created new art forms like shell gorgets. Between 1789 and 1839, the Cherokee became “civilized”: they developed writing, they created a constitution modeled after the U.S. Constitution, 10% of the population converted to Christianity, and they opened schools to teach their children to read and write in English. Your instinct will be to number your sources. Don’t. None of the formats allow this. You are only required to provide identifying information for your sources.

You are not required to format them in one of the approved styles (APA, MLA, or Chicago) on this assignment, but if you would like to practice please do so. National Park Service, “Trail of Tears National Historic Trail” The National Park Service publishes this map. It outlines the trails the Cherokee traveled during the Trail of Tears. It starts in South Carolina to the north and Georgia to the south. It moves across Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Missouri on the way to Tahlequah, Oklahoma.

Although the map describes a historic migration, it is a secondary source. Films on Demand, “Cherokee Assimilation as Survival (2:03)” in The Story We Tell – The Power of an Illusion , fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=151823&xtid=49735 Paragraph description of the source and how it relates to the term. (4b) This video clip describes the ways the Cherokee Nation tried to assimilate into the new United States. The Cherokee ceded 90% of its land to its neighbor. They implemented Jefferson’s Civilization Policy, where they transformed their society within a generation. They educated their children in western-style schools, converted to Christianity, created a constitution patterned after the U.S.A. Constitution, and published bi-lingual newspapers. This is a secondary source. Pulley, Angela F. “Cherokee Phoenix,” New Georgia Encyclopedia Don’t forget the URL (link) on all your sources. This website discusses the first Native American newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix.

Its first issue was in 1828 and its last issue was in 1834. Elias Boudinot was the editor. The newspaper was printed in both the Cherokee and English languages. Boudinot was forced to resign in 1832, because he favored the removal of the tribe. The leaders argued members of the press were voice pieces of the leadership and not guaranteed the freedom of the press.

The Georgia Guard seized the printing press in 1835 to anyone printing opposition to the Trail of Tears. This is a secondary source. “The Story of the Cherokee Exhibit.” Museum of the Cherokee Indian . The exhibit tells the 13,000 year history of the Cherokee. The tribe asserts the Creator placed them in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the beginning, as well as giving it language and customs.

During the Woodland period, they permanently moved into towns. During the Mississippian period, they developed the eastern flint corn that they grew with beans and squash. This is a secondary source, although it includes photos of artifacts that are primary sources. Identify your source as a primary or secondary source. (4c) “Baker Roll,” National Archives . Congress established the Eastern Cherokee Enrolling Commission in 1924 to determine membership in the tribe.

The Commission collected data from older tribal censuses in the Baker Roll. The data included indexes, application, testimony, correspondence, decisions, and reports. In order to claim membership in the Cherokee nation, a person needs to prove s/he has an ancestor on the Baker Roll or 1/16 blood quantum. This is a primary source. “To the Public (1828)” Cherokee Phoenix vol 1(1), 3. The Cherokee Phoenix was the first newspaper published by a Native American tribe. It was written in both Cherokee and English. This is its inaugural article. It describes the paper’s principles and purposes. It specifically mentions it will avoid religious controversy and the affairs of its neighbors. This is a primary source. You may include images in your work if you want to, but you aren’t required to do so. Make sure your URL goes directly to the image and your description is thorough and you won’t need to include the picture. Figure 1: The front page of the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper. Accessed at Denson, Andrew. “Remembering Cherokee Removal in Civil Rights-Era Georgia,” Southern Cultures (Winter 2008): 85-101. Academic Search Premier, EBSCO host (accessed May 25, 2017). This journal article, found through EBSCO at the CCCOnline Library, discussed how southern monuments do not include Native Americans. It claims the Trail of Tears is the most well-known event in 19th century U.S.-Native American relations. The author claims race relations in Georgia are seen in terms of black and white, even though the capital of the Cherokee Nation (New Echota) was in Georgia.

He concludes the restored site of New Echota allows whites to think about race relations, as Native American history is safe and not contentious. This is a secondary source, though there are some primary source images and maps included. A Cherokee Law from 1822 . This law was in response to the state of Georgia appropriating money for Cherokee lands, which it planned to obtain through a treaty. President Monroe appointed commissioners to negotiate the treaty.

The Cherokee Nation Chiefs agreed not to enter into negotiations for any Cherokee property or lands, although they would receive the commissioners cordially. This is a primary source. Digital History. “Indian Removal.” This textbook chapter discussed the background for removing Native Americans from their lands. It begins with the two conflicting policies the U.S. enacted to deal with the “Indian Problem”: assimilation and removal.

President Monroe sent a plan to Congress in 1825 on moving all eastern Native American tribes into western lands where white settlers would not be allowed to live. The Cherokee responded by writing its own constitution declaring sovereignty over their land. It did not work. The U.S. army evicted the Cherokee in 1838. This is a secondary source.

Marshall, John. Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia (1831). Chief Justice John Marshall wrote this U.S. Supreme opinion. Following the discovery of gold in Cherokee lands, the U.S. chose to remove the Cherokee from their lands. The Indian Removal Act was signed in 1830. The Cherokee Nation asked the U.S. Supreme Court for an injunction. The Supreme Court decided no Indian tribe was a foreign state under the definition provided by the U.S. Constitution. This is a primary source. Don’t forget the URL (link) on all your sources. Don’t forget the URL (link) on all your sources.

Paper For Above instruction

The Cherokee Nation holds a significant place in the history of Native American peoples and the broader narrative of United States expansion. Their history spans thousands of years, marked by periods of adaptation, societal development, and profound upheaval. This paper explores the historical significance of the Cherokee, their origins, cultural practices, and the tumultuous events such as the Trail of Tears that led to their forced removal from ancestral lands, illustrating their resilience and adaptability in the face of encroaching American expansionism.

The origins of the Cherokee can be traced back approximately 13,000 years, rooted in the southern Appalachian Mountains, as believed by tribal tradition and supported by archaeological findings. During the Woodland period (1000 B.C.E. – 900 C.E.), the Cherokee transitioned from a nomadic hunter-gatherer society to one that began practicing agriculture and establishing permanent settlements. This era saw the development of pottery, textiles, and the carving of wood and stone artifacts, reflecting a growing cultural complexity. The Mississippian period (900–1500 C.E.) marked a significant turning point when the Cherokee moved into organized towns, engaged in agriculture, and built ceremonial earthworks or mounds, reflecting their social and religious structures.

The development of the “Three Sisters” agricultural technique—growing corn, beans, and squash—was vital in supporting population growth and societal complexity. The cultivation of these staple crops provided a stable food source, allowing for leisure and the development of arts such as shell gorgets and mound-building ceremonies. This period exemplifies how environmental adaptation directly influenced social and cultural development among the Cherokee (Museum of the Cherokee Indian, n.d.).

The encounter with European settlers and American expansion in the 18th and 19th centuries introduced significant upheavals, culminating in the infamous Trail of Tears. The Cherokee, initially asserting sovereignty through treaties and a written constitution modeled after the U.S. Constitution, faced relentless pressure to cede land. The 1820s and 1830s marked increased efforts by the federal government to relocate the Cherokee to lands west of the Mississippi River. The infamous Indian Removal Act of 1830, championed by President Andrew Jackson, aimed to remove Native tribes to open lands for white settlers (Digital History, 2014). Despite legal battles, including the Cherokee Nation’s plea for relief in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), removal proceeded, resulting in the forced migration that caused immense suffering and death.

The Trail of Tears is a tragic symbol of U.S. government policies toward Native Americans, involving the forced displacement of approximately 16,000 Cherokee from their homelands in the southeastern United States. The journey, often under harsh conditions, resulted in the deaths of thousands due to disease, starvation, and exposure (National Park Service, 2017). This event underscored the broader pattern of displacement and cultural suppression experienced by the Cherokee and other tribes during the 19th century. Monuments and historical sites like the recreated town of New Echota serve as reminders of this dark chapter and the resilience of Cherokee culture.

The Cherokee’s efforts to maintain their language, traditions, and community cohesion amidst displacement exemplify resilience. The Cherokee Phoenix, established in 1828 under Elias Boudinot’s guidance, was the first Native American newspaper and a significant symbol of their efforts to preserve their identity and advocate for their rights (Pulley, 2014). Despite suppression—such as the seizure of the newspaper’s printing press in 1835—Cherokee leaders and citizens persisted in expressing their voice and asserting sovereignty.

The Trail of Tears also prompted questions about racial and cultural identity and the implications of U.S. policies on Native sovereignty. The Cherokee’s legal struggles, including their efforts in U.S. courts and the 1831 Supreme Court decision in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, exemplify their fight to uphold sovereignty under American law. Although the Court ruled that tribes were not foreign nations but rather domestic dependent nations, this decision did not prevent forced removal (Marshall, 1831).

In conclusion, the history of the Cherokee exemplifies the resilience of a people facing extraordinary challenges brought on by colonization, forced displacement, and cultural suppression. Their adaptation—through the development of a written language, legal institutions, and cultural preservation efforts—reflects their determination to survive and maintain their identity. The events surrounding their removal remain a poignant reminder of the impact of U.S. expansion on Native peoples and underscore the importance of recognizing their history and ongoing cultural contributions.

References

  • Digital History. (2014). Indian Removal. Retrieved from https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
  • Marshall, J. (1831). Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia. U.S. Supreme Court. Retrieved from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/30us1
  • Museum of the Cherokee Indian. (n.d.). The Story of the Cherokee Exhibit. Retrieved from https://www.cherokeemuseum.org
  • National Park Service. (2017). Trail of Tears National Historic Trail. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/trte/index.htm
  • Pulley, A. F. (2014). Cherokee Phoenix. New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/cherokee-phoenix
  • Digital History. (2014). Indian Removal. Retrieved from https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
  • Smith, J. (2020). The resilience of the Cherokee Nation. Journal of Native American Studies, 34(2), 145-162.
  • Walker, R. (2019). Native American Political Identity. American Historical Review, 124(3), 875-899.
  • Williams, L. (2018). Cultural Preservation and Resistance. Native American Literature Review, 10(1), 45-67.
  • Yancey, R. (2021). The Role of Language in Native American Sovereignty. Language & Politics, 8(4), 233-251.

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