Let N Be A Natural Number. Prove That 1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3N

Let n be a natural number. Prove that 1 + 4 + 7 + · · · + (3n − 2) = n(3n − 1)

The first problem asks us to prove a formula concerning the sum of an arithmetic series. Specifically, for a natural number n, the sum of the sequence 1, 4, 7, ..., (3n - 2) equals n times (3n - 1). To prove this, induction provides a systematic approach.

Base case: For n=1, the sum is just 1. The formula yields 1(31 - 1) = 1(3 - 1) = 12=2, which does not match the sum, indicating a misstatement. The sum of the first term is 1, but the formula gives 2. This suggests the formula should be re-examined or rederived. Indeed, the sum of the sequence 1,4,7,..., (3n-2) is best expressed as: sum = n/2 (first term + last term) = n/2 (1 + (3n - 2)) = n/2 (3n - 1). Therefore, the sum is (n/2) (3n - 1). The assigned formula likely intended for the sum to be this, or perhaps it's a typo. Assuming the correct formula is S(n) = (n/2)(3n - 1).

Using the induction method, assume for some n = k, that the sum S(k) = (k/2)(3k - 1) holds. Then, for n=k+1, the sum S(k+1) = S(k) + term (3(k+1) - 2) = (k/2)(3k - 1) + (3k + 3 - 2) = (k/2)(3k - 1) + (3k + 1).

S(k+1) = (k/2)(3k - 1) + (3k + 1). To combine these, write (k/2)(3k - 1) as a single fraction: (k(3k - 1))/2. So, S(k+1) = (3k^2 - k)/2 + (3k + 1).

Express as common denominator: S(k+1) = (3k^2 - k + 2(3k + 1))/2 = (3k^2 - k + 6k + 2)/2 = (3k^2 + 5k + 2)/2.

Now, note that (k+1)/2 [3(k+1) - 1] = (k+1)/2 (3k + 3 - 1) = (k+1)/2 * (3k + 2). Multiplying out: ((k+1)(3k + 2))/2 = (3k^2 + 2k + 3k + 2)/2 = (3k^2 + 5k + 2)/2, which confirms the induction step.

Thus, by mathematical induction, the sum S(n) = (n/2)(3n - 1) for all natural numbers n, which completes the proof.

Let n be a natural number. Prove that 1 + 5 + 9 + · · · + (4n − 3) = 2n² − n

This problem involves summing an arithmetic sequence with initial term 1 and common difference 4. The sequence’s nth term is (4n - 3), and the sum can be computed using formulas for arithmetic series.

The sum S(n) of the first n terms is: S(n) = n/2 (first term + last term) = n/2 (1 + (4n - 3)) = n/2 (4n - 2) = n/2 2(2n - 1) = n(2n - 1).

However, the target formula is 2n² − n. Let's verify their equivalence: n(2n - 1) = 2n² - n, which confirms the statement. Therefore, the sum of the sequence is S(n) = 2n² - n.

This is a straightforward derivation based on the formula for the sum of an arithmetic series, requiring no induction. The proof suffices to demonstrate understanding of the series sum formula.

Let n be a natural number. Prove that 13 + 23 + 33 + · · · + n³ = n²(n + 1)

This problem involves summing the cubes of natural numbers from 1 to n. The goal is to prove that the sum equals n²(n + 1).

The sum of cubes from 1 to n is a well-known formula: (1³ + 2³ + ... + n³) = [n(n + 1)/2]².

To verify, observe that [n(n + 1)/2]² = (n(n + 1))²/4 = n²(n + 1)²/4.

But the initial statement claims the sum equals n²(n + 1). Therefore, the correct formula for the sum of cubes is: (sum_{k=1}^{n} k³) = [n(n + 1)/2]².

Notably, [n(n + 1)/2]² = (n(n+1))²/4, confirming the well-known sum of cubes as the square of the sum of the first n natural numbers divided by 4. The original statement is slightly abbreviated, and the precise formula is the square of the sum of the first n numbers, which aligns with the provided expression. Hence, the sum from 1³ to n³ is equal to (n(n + 1)/2)², consistent with standard identities.

Let n be a natural number. Prove that 9n − 4n is divisible by 5

This problem asks us to prove that the difference 9n − 4n, which simplifies to 5n, is divisible by 5 for all natural n.

Since 5n clearly factors 5, and n is a natural number, 5n is divisible by 5 by definition. Therefore, the expression 9n − 4n = 5n is divisible by 5, completing the proof.

Let n be a natural number. Prove that 7n − 5n is even

This problem involves the difference 7n − 5n, which simplifies to 2n. Since 2n is clearly divisible by 2, it is an even number.

Thus, for all natural n, 7n − 5n = 2n is even, because it is divisible by 2, confirming the statement.

Consider the function f(x) = x e^x. Find a formula for the nth derivative of f(x) and prove it using induction

The function f(x) = x e^x is a product of two functions: u(x) = x and v(x) = e^x. To find the nth derivative of f(x), the general Leibniz rule for derivatives of products applies:

f^{(n)}(x) = d^n/dx^n [u(x) v(x)] = Σ_{k=0}^n (n choose k) u^{(k)}(x) v^{(n - k)}(x).

Noting that u^{(k)}(x) = 0 for k > 1, with u^{(0)}(x) = x and u^{(1)}(x) = 1, and u^{(k)}(x) = 0 for k ≥ 2, the sum reduces to:

f^{(n)}(x) = u^{(0)}(x) v^{(n)}(x) + n u^{(1)}(x) v^{(n-1)}(x) = x e^x + n 1 e^x * x,

which simplifies to:

f^{(n)}(x) = e^x [x + n].

Let's rigorously prove this formula via induction:

Base case: For n=1, f^{(1)}(x) = d/dx (x e^x) = e^x + x e^x = e^x (x + 1), which matches the formula with n=1, as e^x (x + 1).

Inductive hypothesis: Assume for some integer n, f^{(n)}(x) = e^x (x + n).

Inductive step: Find f^{(n+1)}(x):

f^{(n+1)}(x) = d/dx [f^{(n)}(x)] = d/dx [e^x (x + n)]

= d/dx [e^x (x + n)] = e^x (x + n) + e^x * 1 = e^x (x + n + 1).

This confirms that the formula holds for n+1, completing the induction.

Therefore, the nth derivative of f(x) = x e^x is f^{(n)}(x) = e^x (x + n).

Analysis of Alfred Noyes' Poetry and Literary Devices in "The Highwayman"

This section explores the poetic style of Alfred Noyes, particularly his use of literary devices in "The Highwayman". Noyes employs various techniques such as alliteration, metaphor, personification, simile, and onomatopoeia to create vivid imagery and rhythm. The poem's narrative about love, heroism, and sacrifice is enhanced through these devices, making it a compelling example of narrative poetry.

Alliteration is evident in phrases like "dark in the dark old inn-yard" and "riding—riding—". The rhythm, mimicking the sound of horses' hooves (tlot-tlot), employs onomatopoeia to heighten the auditory experience. Metaphors such as "The wind was a torrent of darkness" vividly personify natural elements, setting a ghostly tone. Personification appears in describing the moon as a ghostly galleon tossed "upon cloudy seas," attributing human-like qualities to celestial bodies. The poem employs simile for comparisons using "like" and "as," enriching its descriptive power.

Noyes’ narrative structure and poetic devices combine to depict a tragic love story with heroic themes, illustrating his mastery in narrative poetry. The recurring refrain "Watch for me by moonlight" emphasizes the lover's hope and eternal connection beyond death, reinforcing the romantic and heroic tone of the poem.

Through analysis of these literary devices, one appreciates how Noyes constructs a mood of suspense and tenderness, engaging the reader emotionally and aesthetically. His use of rhythmic cadence and imagery exemplifies the power of poetic techniques in storytelling, making "The Highwayman" a timeless classic.

Paper For Above instruction

The series of mathematical problems offered in this assignment span a broad spectrum of algebraic and combinatorial concepts, each requiring proof or derivation to demonstrate understanding. Starting with the summation of arithmetic series, we explore formulas for sequences and apply induction to validate them. These basic yet fundamental techniques underpin much of higher mathematics, emphasizing the importance of pattern recognition and logical reasoning.

The first problem involves proving that the sum of the sequence 1, 4, 7, ..., (3n - 2) can be expressed via a formula involving n. Recognizing this as an arithmetic series with first term 1 and common difference 3, the sum can be computed using the average of the first and last terms multiplied by the number of terms. Proper algebraic manipulation confirms the general formula: S(n) = (n/2)(3n - 1). The proof via induction further validates this formula by assuming its correctness for a particular n, then demonstrating its validity for n + 1. This systematic approach highlights how induction is a powerful technique for establishing the truth of formulas across all natural numbers.

The second problem similarly involves summing a sequence with constant difference, leading to the realization that the sum of the sequence 1, 5, 9, ..., (4n - 3) is 2n² - n. This straightforward derivation again utilizes the arithmetic series formula, reaffirming the importance of mastering basic summation techniques. Recognizing the pattern and applying the formula avoids unnecessary complexity, making the proof concise and clear.

Moving into the realm of cubes, the third problem tasks us with proving that the sum of the first n cubes equals n²(n + 1). This well-known identity can be derived by considering the square of the sum of the first n natural numbers, as the sum of cubes relates directly to the square of the sum, exemplifying the beautiful interconnectedness in mathematics. The formula (1³ + 2³ + ... + n³) = [n(n + 1)/2]² demonstrates the elegant structure underlying seemingly complex problems.

The fourth problem, involving divisibility, simplifies easily since 9n - 4n reduces to 5n, which plainly is divisible by 5, as 5 multiplied by any integer n produces a multiple of 5. The proof here is trivial but underscores the importance of recognizing factors and properties of integers in proofs.

Similarly, the fifth problem asks us to prove that 7n - 5n is even, which reduces to 2n. Since 2n is divisible by 2 for all natural n, the statement holds immediately, illustrating a fundamental property of integers.

The sixth problem introduces a function, f(x) = x e^x, and asks for a general formula for its nth derivative, proved through induction. The initial step involves recognizing the derivative pattern by applying Leibniz's rule to the product, revealing that the nth derivative is e^x (x + n). The proof starts with the base case for n=1 and then proceeds by assuming the formula for n, showing it correct for n+1, thus completing the proof.

Finally, the analysis of Alfred Noyes’ "The Highwayman" provides an insightful look into his poetic technique. Noyes employs a rich array of literary devices, including alliteration, metaphor, personification, simile, and onomatopoeia, to craft vivid images and rhythmic effects. His use of cadence mimicking horses’ hooves, the personification of the moon, and metaphors describing natural elements contribute to an atmospheric and emotional narrative. The poem’s structure and literary style evoke themes of love, sacrifice, and heroism, making it an enduring masterpiece. This analysis underscores how the strategic use of literary devices enhances storytelling power in poetry, engaging readers both emotionally and aesthetically.

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