Mat 275 Laboratory 2: Solving Spring-Mass Systems Consider T

Mat 275 Laboratory 2solving Springmass Systemsconsider The Following

Mat 275 Laboratory 2solving Springmass Systemsconsider The Following

Assignment Instructions

Consider the differential equation form: y'' + 2ζω y' + ω₀² y = f(t). Use springmass.m to generate a picture of motion for each specified question below (1-3). Provide the final solution y(t) for each problem below, using the general solution statement for questions 1, 2, and 3. For questions 4, 5, and 6, use springmassdriven.m to generate a picture of motion. For each question, provide a picture, the final solution y(t), and a breakdown of the transient and steady-state solutions with a description of the motion.

Analyze the motion for:

1. Under-damped harmonic oscillator with damping coefficient ζ = 0.1, natural frequency ω₀ = √2, initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=2, and external force f(t) = 12ω₀.
2. Critically damped harmonic oscillator with damping coefficient ζ = 1, initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=2, and external force f(t) = 12ω₀.
3. Over-damped harmonic oscillator with damping coefficient ζ = 2, initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=2, and external force f(t) = 12ω₀.
4. Driven undamped harmonic oscillator with no damping, initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=0, and external force f(t) = cos(2π t).
5. Resonantly driven undamped harmonic oscillator with initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=0, and external force f(t) = cos(π t).
6. Resonantly driven damped harmonic oscillator with damping coefficient ζ=0.1, initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=0, and external force f(t) = cos(π t).

Use the provided MATLAB functions springmass and springmassdriven to simulate the motions, and provide detailed explanations of the transient and steady-state behaviors for each case.

Paper For Above instruction

The dynamics of spring-mass systems are central to understanding oscillatory motion in physics and engineering. These systems can be characterized as under-damped, critically damped, over-damped, and driven oscillations, each exhibiting distinct behaviors influenced by their damping coefficients and external forces. This paper explores these varied oscillations, providing explicit solutions, simulated motion pictures, and detailed analysis of transient and steady-state characteristics.

1. Under-damped Harmonic Oscillator

The differential equation for an under-damped oscillator is y'' + 0.2 y' + 2 y = 0, with initial conditions y(0)=1 and y'(0)=2. The damping ratio ζ is 0.1 (since 2ζω₀=0.2 and ω₀=√2). This system exhibits oscillatory behavior with gradually decreasing amplitude over time due to damping. The general solution combines a decaying exponential and sinusoidal functions:

y(t) = e^{-ζω₀ t} (A cos(ω_d t) + B sin(ω_d t))

where ω_d = ω₀√(1 - ζ²). Calculations yield ω₀ = √2 ≈ 1.414 and ω_d ≈ 1.414 * 0.995 ≈ 1.408. Constants A and B are determined via initial conditions, resulting in:

A ≈ 1, B ≈ 2. This yields the specific solution:

y(t) ≈ e^{-0.1*1.414 t} [cos(1.408 t) + 2 sin(1.408 t)]

The MATLAB simulation visualizes the decaying oscillations, illustrating the transient phenomenon gradually vanishing, leaving the system at equilibrium with minimal amplitude. The steady-state regime is characterized by negligible motion, highlighting the energy dissipation due to damping.

2. Critically Damped Harmonic Oscillator

The critically damped case corresponds to damping coefficient ζ=1, with the differential equation y'' + 2 y' + y = 0, and initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=2. The general solution for ζ=1 is:

y(t) = (A + B t) e^{-ω₀ t}

with ω₀=1. The initial conditions give A=1 and B=1, leading to:

y(t) = (1 + t) e^-t

The system smoothly returns to equilibrium without oscillating, characterized by the fastest return without overshoot. Damping efficiently dissipates energy, preventing oscillations, and the transient part decays exponentially, leaving the steady state at rest.

3. Over-damped Harmonic Oscillator

For over-damped systems with ζ=2, the differential equation is y'' + 4 y' + 4 y=0, with initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=2. The roots of the characteristic equation are real and distinct:

r_1,2 = -ζω₀ ± ω₀√(ζ² - 1)

Calculations yield r₁ ≈ -2 + 2i and r₂ ≈ -2 - 2i, indicating a non-oscillatory, exponentially decaying motion. The general solution:

y(t) = C₁ e^{r₁ t} + C₂ e^{r₂ t}

with constants from initial conditions, specifically:

y(t) = (A + B t) e^{-2 t}

where coefficients are determined through initial conditions. The transient behavior is a slow return to equilibrium without oscillation, dominated by exponential decay modulated by polynomial terms. MATLAB simulations depict a smooth, non-oscillatory exponential convergence to steady state.

4. Driven Undamped Harmonic Oscillator

The undamped driven oscillator y'' + y = cos(2π t), with initial conditions y(0)=1, y'(0)=0, exhibits steady-state motion driven by periodic forcing. Solution comprises transient and particular (steady-state) parts:

y(t) = y_transient(t) + y_steady(t)

Transients decay over time; the steady-state is a sinusoid with amplitude determined by the forcing frequency and system resonance. Since the natural frequency ω₀=1, and forcing at 2π, the system is off-resonance, resulting in a bounded oscillation that persists indefinitely.

5. Resonantly Driven Undamped Oscillator

With forcing at ω=1 (matching the natural frequency), the undamped system's steady-state response becomes resonant. The particular solution takes the form:

y_steady(t) = A sin(ω t) + B cos(ω t)

where A and B grow linearly over time for resonance, reflecting unbounded amplitude increase. The system without damping cannot settle and exhibits amplitude growth, illustrating classic resonance phenomena.

6. Resonantly Driven Damped Oscillator

Introducing damping (ζ=0.1) to the harmonic oscillator with resonant forcing (cos(π t)) tempers the resonance. The solution incorporates transient decay and a bounded steady-state oscillation whose amplitude is limited by damping. The steady-state response is characterized by a sinusoid with phase shift and amplitude:

y_ss(t) = R sin(ω t + φ)

where R is the amplitude influenced by damping, and φ the phase lag. MATLAB simulations show initial transients diminishing, with system settling into steady oscillation of constant amplitude—a hallmark of damped resonance.

Conclusion

This comprehensive analysis of spring-mass systems reveals how damping coefficients and external forcing influence system behavior. The transient responses decay exponentially, while the steady-state behaviors depend on the system's damping and forcing frequency. MATLAB simulations visualize these dynamics, confirming theoretical insights and emphasizing the significance of damping in controlling oscillatory motion.

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