Math 182 Test 2 Show All Work Neatly

Math 182 Test 2show All Work Neatly W

Analyze the given math problems involving calculus, functions, derivatives, concavity, optimization, and related rates, providing detailed solutions, explanations, and reasoning for each question.

Paper For Above instruction

Question 1: An inflection point of a function is a point where its concavity changes. To determine an interval where the graph of a function \(f\) is both increasing and concave down, we look at the conditions involving the first and second derivatives. The correct pair of conditions is: \(f'(x) > 0\) (increasing) and \(f''(x)

Question 2: Sketching a function with a domain of \(\mathbb{R}\), differentiable everywhere except four points, involves creating a graph with discontinuities or cusp points. For example, a piecewise function with vertical asymptotes or points of non-differentiability at four distinct points, such as at \(x = -2, 0, 1, 3\), while remaining smooth elsewhere. (Note: As a written answer, the sketch would depict a function with smooth sections interrupted at these points.)

Question 3: Construct a graph with properties: domain \(\mathbb{R}\), increasing on \((-\infty, 0)\), decreasing on \((0, \infty)\), with no concavity on \((0, \infty)\), and concave up there, with a derivative everywhere except at \(x=0\). A possible example is a cubic or piecewise function that is decreasing on \((0, \infty)\) with a flat point at \(x=0\), ensuring the derivative doesn’t exist exactly at zero, but the function is increasing on negative \(x\) and decreasing afterwards, with concave up on \((0, \infty)\).

Question 4: For the function \( y = x \sqrt{x} \) at \(x=1\), the derivative \(dy/dx\) is calculated via the power rule, resulting in \(dy/dx = \frac{3}{2} x^{1/2}\). Evaluating at \(x=1\): the slope is positive for increasing, so the graph is increasing at that point. The second derivative indicates concavity; since \(d^2y/dx^2 = \text{positive}\), the graph is concave up at \(x=1\).

Question 5: To determine concavity, compute the second derivative \( y'' = \frac{d^2}{dx^2} (x^{3/2}) \). The second derivative is positive for \(x > 0\), indicating the function is concave up for \(x > 0\), and negative for \(x

Question 6: Given \(S(v) = v^{3/2}\) and \(v(t) = t^2\), differentiate to find \(dS/dt\) using the chain rule:

\[

dS/dt = dS/dv \times dv/dt = \frac{3}{2} v^{1/2} \times 2t = 3 t v^{1/2}

\]

Substitute \(v = t^2\):

\[

dS/dt = 3 t \times (t^2)^{1/2} = 3 t \times t = 3 t^2

\]

Question 7: To sketch a function with a specific intercept at \((2, -3)\), increasing on \((2, \infty)\), decreasing on \((-\infty, 2)\), and concave down on \(\mathbb{R}\), one could consider a cubic polynomial with a maximum at \(x=2\), crossing \(-3\), decreasing before that and increasing after, with a downward curvature everywhere. Such a curve would have an inflection point or be a simple quadratic with suitable vertical shifts.

Question 8: The quantity \(Q(t) = t^3 - 3t^2\) (assuming from context) reaches diminishing returns where the marginal gain \(Q'(t)\) reaches a maximum before decreasing. Find \(Q'(t) = 3t^2 - 6t\). To find the point of diminishing returns, analyze where \(Q''(t) = 6t - 6\) changes sign, which is at \(t=1\). So, at \(t = 1\), the production reaches the point of diminishing returns.

Question 9: For epidemic growth \(N(t) = t e^{-t}\), or similar, the epidemic reaches its worst point at the maximum of \(N(t)\). Find the maximum by setting derivative \(dN/dt = 0\):

\[

N'(t) = e^{-t} - t e^{-t} = e^{-t}(1 - t) = 0

\]

which occurs at \(t=1\). So, the epidemic is at its worst at \(t=1\) week.

Question 10: For \( y = \frac{x}{x-2} \):

- Domain: \(x \neq 2\).

- x-intercept: set numerator to zero: \(x=0\).

- y-intercept: set \(x=0\): \(y=0/(-2)=0\).

- Vertical asymptote: \(x=2\).

- Horizontal asymptote: as \(x \to \pm \infty\), \(y \to 1\) (since degrees are same, ratio of leading coefficients).

Question 11: A function with derivative zero at the origin, increasing on \((-\infty, 0)\), decreasing on \((0, \infty)\), with specific concavity, could be \(f(x) = -x^3\). Its derivative is zero at \(x=0\), increasing on negative side, decreasing on positive, with concave down near the origin.

Question 12: Demand function \(D(p) = 10 - p\). Price function \(p(t)=3+5t\). The rate of change of demand with respect to time:

\[

\frac{dD}{dt} = \frac{dD}{dp} \times \frac{dp}{dt} = -1 \times 5= -5

\]

At \(t=10\) days, the rate remains \(-5\).

Question 13: Cost function \(C(x)\). To find cost of producing the 5th item:

\[

C(5) = \text{given as a formula}

\]

And marginal cost \(C'(x)\) approximates the additional cost at \(x=5\). Calculate as \(\rightarrow C'(5)\), then approximate \(\approx C(5) - C(4)\).

Question 14: Revenue \( R(x) = x \times p(x) = x (3x^2 + 2x + 7) \). The marginal revenue \(MR(x) = dR/dx\):

\[

MR(x) = 3x^2 + 2x + 7 + x (6x + 2) = 3x^2 + 2x + 7 + 6x^2 + 2x= 9x^2 + 4x + 7

\]

Question 15: To find constants \(A, B\) so that \(y=\frac{A}{x-1} + B\) has a vertical asymptote at \(x=1\) and passes through \((3, 0)\), substitute and solve:

\[

0 = \frac{A}{3-1} + B \Rightarrow 0 = \frac{A}{2} + B

\]

Determine \(A, B\) accordingly.

Question 16: For a cube with side length \(s(t)\), increasing at \(\frac{ds}{dt} = 19\, m/s\), the volume \(V=s^3\), so:

\[

\frac{dV}{dt} = 3s^2 \frac{ds}{dt} = 3 \times 2^2 \times 19 = 3 \times 4 \times 19 = 228\, m^3/sec

\]

Question 17: Surface area \(S=4\pi r^2\). Given \(dS/dt=7\), find \(dr/dt\) at \(r=6\):

\[

7= 8\pi r \times dr/dt \Rightarrow dr/dt = \frac{7}{8 \pi \times 6} = \frac{7}{48 \pi}

\]

In exact form.

Question 18: Equation of tangent line to \(x^2 + xy^3 + y=69\) at \((1, 4)\):

First, compute derivatives via implicit differentiation, then evaluate at the point, and use point-slope form to find the tangent line.

Question 19: Price elasticity \(E(p)\) for demand \(q=4p^2 + 161\):

\[

E(p)= \frac{dq}{dp} \times \frac{p}{q} = 8p \times \frac{p}{4p^2 + 161} = \frac{8p^2}{4p^2+161}

\]

At \(p=6\):

\[

E(6) = \frac{8 \times 36}{4 \times 36 + 161} = \frac{288}{144 + 161} = \frac{288}{305} \approx 0.944

\]

Interpretation: the demand is somewhat elastic at this price.

Question 20: Maximize \(xy\) with \(x+y=105\), \(x,y>0\). Use \(y=105 - x\):

\[

f(x) = x(105 - x) = 105x - x^2

\]

Maximum at:

\[

f'(x)= 105 - 2x=0 \Rightarrow x=52.5

\]

then \(y=52.5\).

Question 21: Building a rectangular corral with length along the river (no fence needed along one side). Total fencing: 1000 ft. If \(x\) and \(y\) are sides perpendicular to river:

\[

\text{Fence used} = x + 2y = 1000

\]

Maximize the area:

\[

A= x \times y

\]

Express \(x= 1000 - 2 y\). Compute:

\[

A= (1000 - 2 y) y = 1000 y - 2 y^2

\]

Set derivative:

\[

\frac{dA}{dy}= 1000- 4 y = 0 \Rightarrow y=250

\]

then \(x=1000 - 2(250)=500\).

References

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