Math 254 Spring 2018 Midterm 3 In Class April 19

Math 254 Spring 2018midterm 3 In Class April 19thtools Brainpen

Math 254, Spring 2018 Midterm #3, In-Class April 19th, Tools: Brain/Pen/Pencil/Eraser/Paper. Rules: This is an in-class midterm; see below: RedID v 2018.04.19.1 First Letter of Last Name I, , pledge that this exam is completely my own work, and that I did not take, copy, borrow or steal any portions from any other person; furthermore, I did not knowingly let anyone else take, copy, or borrow any portions of my exam. Further, I pledge to abide by the rules set out below. I understand that if I violate this honesty pledge, (i) I will get ZERO POINTS on this exam; (ii) I will get reported to The SDSU Center for Student Rights and Responsibilities; and (iii) I am subject to disciplinary action pursuant to the appropriate sections of the San Diego State University Policies.

Signature (REQUIRED for credit) Rules: • This midterm is closed-book, closed-notes, no phones, no calculators, no slide-rules, no phones, nor any super-computers allowed. Did I mention NO PHONES?!? • No communications / internet enabled devices allowed — NO PHONES! • Write solutions/answers on the attached sheets, and HAND IN the entire packet. • Note: there should be lots of space to write your solutions, do not feel the need to fill it all... • Present your solutions using standard notation in an easy-to-read format. It is your job to convince the grader you did the problem correctly, not the grader’s job to decipher cryptic messages scribbled in the margin! • Your answers MUST logically follow from your calculations in order to be considered! (“Miracle solutions†⇒ zero points.) • Perform your computations on the attached pages; draw BOXES around the answers. — THE GRADER WILL NOT GO TREASURE-HUNTING! • The exam will be graded and returned on or about two weeks after the test date. No grading corrections will be considered once you remove the exam from the lecture hall / professor’s office. Problem Pts Possible Pts Scored (extra credit) 20 4 (extra credit) 30 Total 250 • You MUST stay for at least 20 minutes. (Draw an epic unicorn–narwhal battle on the back if you have too much time on your hands!) • Once ≥5 students have turned in their exams, late-comers MAY NOT be able to take the test. . [§ 5.1–5.2] Let ~v1 =                 , ~v2 =         0 1 −         , ~v3 =                 ; ~x =                 . (a) i. (10 pts.) What is the dimension of the subspace V = span(~v1,~v2,~v3)? ii. (15 pts.) Why? (b) (25 pts.) Compute an orthonormal basis for the subspace V. (c) (25 pts.) What is the QR-factorization of the matrix A = [ ~v1 ~v2 ] ? (d) (25 pts.) Project ~x onto the subspace V. (e) i. (10 pts.) What is the dimension of the subspace V ‡ (the orthogonal complement of V )? ii. (15 pts.) Why? (f) (25 pts.) Find a basis for V ‡. Perform your computations on the attached pages; COLLECT your bases/factorization in ONE place (for each subproblem) and draw BOXES around the answers. — THE GRADER WILL NOT GO TREASURE-HUNTING! Your Boxed Answers MUST logi- cally follow from your calculations in order to be considered! 2 [This page intentionally left blank] 3 [This page intentionally left blank] . [§ 6.1] Consider the 7 à— 7 matrices A =                     , B =                     For each matrix identify all patterns with non-zero products; determine the number of inversions; the signs of each pattern; and combine to form the determinant: (If you have no idea what the combinatorial pattern “method†is about; use your favorite method to compute the determinant in parts a-iv, b-iv.) (a) Matrix A — i. (10 pts.) Patterns: ii. (10 pts.) Number of inversions (for each pattern): iii. (10 pts.) Sign for each pattern: iv. (20 pts.) det(A) = (b) Matrix B — i. (10 pts.) Patterns: ii. (10 pts.) Number of inversions (for each pattern): iii. (10 pts.) Sign for each pattern: iv. (20 pts.) det(B) = 5 [This page intentionally left blank] 6 [This page intentionally left blank] . [§ 6.1–2] For A ∈ R3à—3, Sarrus’ rule is a short-cut strategy for computing the determinant:   a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 a31 a32 a33 a31 a32   Products along the right-going “diagonals†contribute with a positive sign, and products along the left-going “diagonals†with a negative sign; i.e. det(A) = +a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32 ‑ a13 a22 a31 ‑ a11 a23 a32 ‑ a12 a21 a33. Now, consider Voldemort’s Rule for A ∈ R4à—4:     a11 a12 a13 a14 a11 a12 a13 a21 a22 a23 a24 a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33 a34 a31 a32 a33 a41 a42 a43 a44 a41 a42 a43     Voldemort Det(A) = +a11 a22 a33 a44 + a12 a23 a34 a41 + a13 a24 a31 a42 + a14 a21 a32 a43 ‑ a14 a23 a32 a41 ‑ a11 a24 a33 a42 ‑ a12 a21 a34 a43 ‑ a13 a22 a31 a44 (a) (15 pts) Explain why the Voldemort-Determinant is NOT the true determinant — (Do NOT write a 5-page essay!) — Voldemort Det(A) ≠ det(A). (b) (5 pts) Give a matrix for which Voldemort Det(A) = 0, det(A) = 1. . Midterm #2 rudely reminded us that we can have at most n linearly independent vectors in Rn. Let us consider ~v1 =   1 0 0   , ~v2 =   0 1 0   , ~v3 =   0 0 1   , ~v4 =   1 1 1   , in R3; clearly ~v4 = ~v1 + ~v2 + ~v3. Now, consider the 4 subsets S1 = {~v1, ~v2, ~v3}, S2 = {~v1, ~v2, ~v4}, S3 = {~v1, ~v3, ~v4}, S4 = {~v2, ~v3, ~v4}. Each subset now contains 3 linearly independent vectors. Next, consider ~w1 =   1 0 0   , ~w2 =   0 1 0   , ~w3 =   0 0 1   , ~w4 =   1 1 0   , in R3; clearly ~w4 = ~w1 + ~w2. Now, consider the 4 subsets T1 = {~w1, ~w2, ~w3}, T2 = {~w1, ~w2, ~w4}, T3 = {~w1, ~w3, ~w4}, T4 = {~w2, ~w3, ~w4}. The vectors in T1, T3, and T4 are linearly independent; but the ones on T2 are NOT. In Rn: Is it possible to have a collection of 10, 100, 1000, etc... vectors, where all subsets containing n vectors have exactly n linearly independent vectors? (This problem is quite difficult!) (a) (10 pts.) Consider the question in R2 — If the answer is yes (1 pt.) how can you construct such a collection (9 pts.); if the answer is “no” (1 pt.), why not (9 pts.)? (b) (20 pts.) Consider the question in R3 — If the answer is yes (1 pt.) how can you construct such a collection (19 pts.); if the answer is “no” (1 pt.), why not (19 pts.)?

Paper For Above instruction

The provided questions primarily focus on fundamental concepts in linear algebra, including subspace dimensions, orthogonal complements, orthonormal bases, QR factorization, projections, determinants, patterns in matrices, and linear independence. The solutions delve into these topics with detailed explanations, computation steps, and theoretical reasoning to demonstrate mastery of the concepts involved.

Understanding and Computing Subspaces and Their Bases

First, the question asks for the dimension of the subspace V spanned by three vectors in R³, namely ~v1, ~v2, and ~v3. Since ~v1 and ~v2 are standard basis vectors e₁ and e₂, and ~v3 is also linearly independent of them, these vectors span a subspace of R³ with dimension 3. To confirm this, one must verify the linear independence of these vectors by examining the matrix formed by placing these vectors as columns. Because they correspond to the standard basis vectors and their sum, they are linearly independent, confirming that the dimension of V is 3.

Providing an orthonormal basis involves applying the Gram-Schmidt process to the set of vectors, orthogonalizing them, and then normalizing. This process converts the initial basis into an orthonormal basis, which is essential in many applications such as projections and QR factorizations.

QR- Factorization and Projections

The QR-factorization of the matrix A constructed from vectors ~v1 and ~v2 decomposes A into orthogonal (Q) and upper-triangular (R) matrices. This factorization is vital for solving least squares problems and understanding the structure of the data. The process involves applying the Gram-Schmidt process to the columns of A, normalization to create Q, and then calculating R via Q^ᵗA.

Projection of vector ~x onto subspace V is achieved by using the orthogonal projection formula: P_V(~x) = QQ^ᵗ~x, where Q is the matrix with orthonormal basis vectors as its columns. This produces the closest approximation of ~x in the subspace V, minimizing the error vector ~x - P_V(~x).

Orthogonal Complement and Its Basis

The dimension of the orthogonal complement V^⊥ in R³ is 0 if V is the entire R³, which in this case is true since the span is 3-dimensional. Consequently, its basis is empty, or can be thought of as the trivial zero vector. This confirms that V^⊥ contains only the zero vector.

Determinants and Patterns in Matrices

The problem provides a detailed and systematic approach to calculating determinants of matrices using pattern recognition, inversion counting, and sign determination. This includes the classical permutation-based cofactor expansion and specific shortcut rules like Sarrus’ rule for 3×3 matrices, and Voldemort’s rule for 4×4 matrices, highlighting their limitations compared to the true determinants.

Voldemort’s determinant is not the true determinant because it does not account for the sign conventions of permutations in the determinant calculation; it merely sums certain products without proper permutation consideration, which is essential in defining the determinant algebraically and geometrically.

Linear Independence in R² and R³

The question explores constructing large collections of vectors in R² and R³ where every subset of n vectors remains linearly independent. In R², such a collection cannot exist beyond 2 vectors, as adding any third vector reduces the independence. In R³, the maximal set of vectors where every subset of size 3 is independent is exactly 3, which corresponds to the standard basis vectors. Any larger set would contain dependent vectors, validated through the linear combinations such as ~v4 = ~v1 + ~v2 + ~v3, where dependencies are explicit.

The negative answer in R² is because, as soon as a third vector is introduced, linear dependence necessarily arises unless it coincides with previous vectors. Similarly, in R³, a collection exceeding 3 vectors cannot hold the property that all 3-element subsets are independent, because of the inherent limitations imposed by the dimension of the space.

Concluding Remarks

Overall, these problems reinforce understanding of the geometry of vectors, matrix factorizations, determinants, and linear dependencies in finite-dimensional real vector spaces. Mastery of these concepts equips students with essential tools for advanced study and applications in data analysis, computer science, engineering, and more.

References

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