Measure Of Association Assignment ✓ Solved

measure Of Association Assignment

Please read all information clearly. Measure of Association Assignment: (Show your calculation) 1) A study looking at breast cancer in women compared cases with non-cases, and found that 75/100 cases did not use calcium supplements compared with 25/100 of the non-cases. (20 points) 1) Develop a 2x2 table to display the data. 2) Calculate the odds of exposure in cases and non-cases. 3) Calculate the odds ratio using the cross-product ratio. 4) Interpret your result 2) A study of uterine fibroid surveyed women age 30-50 years in 2019 in the US. The result shows that of 400 black women surveyed, 80 reported a history of fibroid, while 50 reported a history of fibroid among 600 white women. (30 points) 1) Develop a 2x2 table to display the data. 2) Calculate the prevalence of fibroids among blacks. 3) Calculate the prevalence of fibroids among whites. 4) Prevalence ratio of fibroid in black to whites 5) Prevalence odds ratios of fibroid in blacks compared to whites 6) Interpret your results 3) (20 points) 1) What is the exposure? 2) What is the outcome? 3) Calculate the incidence rates of depression among college students who joined a Fraternity in 2019 if 20 students developed depression among 120 students that were followed for two years. 4) If 20 students developed depression among 200 students not in a fraternity who were also followed in the same period, what is the Relative risk of developing depression in this cohort?

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

The measure of association is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, used to quantify the relationship between exposure and disease outcomes within populations. It provides insights into potential causal relationships and informs public health interventions. This paper addresses four specific scenarios involving disease and exposure variables, demonstrating the calculation and interpretation of measures such as odds ratios, prevalence ratios, and relative risks.

Scenario 1: Breast Cancer and Calcium Supplementation

The first scenario examines the association between calcium supplement intake and breast cancer risk among women. The data suggests that a higher proportion of breast cancer cases did not use calcium supplements compared to non-cases.

2x2 Table Construction

| | Breast Cancer (Cases) | No Breast Cancer (Non-cases) | Total |

|---------------------|------------------------|------------------------------|--------|

| No Calcium Supplements | 75 | 25 | 100 |

| Calcium Supplements | 25 | 75 | 100 |

Calculations

- Odds of exposure in cases = Number of cases not using calcium / number of cases using calcium = 75/25 = 3

- Odds of exposure in non-cases = 25/75 = 1/3 ≈ 0.33

- Odds Ratio (OR) = (75×75) / (25×25) = 5625/625 = 9

Interpretation

An odds ratio of 9 indicates that women not using calcium supplements have nine times higher odds of developing breast cancer compared to those who use calcium supplements. This suggests a strong association between calcium supplement use and breast cancer risk, warranting further investigation into causality and confounding factors.

Scenario 2: Uterine Fibroid Prevalence Among Black and White Women

The second scenario compares the prevalence of uterine fibroids among black and white women aged 30-50 years.

2x2 Table Construction

| | Fibroid Present | Fibroid Absent | Total |

|---------------------|-----------------|----------------|--------|

| Black Women | 80 | 320 | 400 |

| White Women | 50 | 550 | 600 |

Prevalence Calculations

- Prevalence among blacks = 80 / 400 = 0.20 or 20%

- Prevalence among whites = 50 / 600 ≈ 0.0833 or 8.33%

- Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 0.20 / 0.0833 ≈ 2.4

Odds Ratios

- Odds of fibroids in blacks = 80/320 = 0.25

- Odds of fibroids in whites = 50/550 ≈ 0.0909

- Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.25 / 0.0909 ≈ 2.75

Interpretation

The prevalence ratio of approximately 2.4 suggests that black women are over twice as likely to have uterine fibroids compared to white women. The odds ratio further supports this strong association, indicating racial disparities that could be influenced by genetic, environmental, or socioeconomic factors.

Scenario 3: Incidence of Depression Among College Students

In the third scenario, the focus is on the incidence of depression among college students based on fraternity membership over a two-year period.

Exposure and Outcome Identification

- Exposure: Joining a fraternity

- Outcome: Development of depression

Incidence Rate in Fraternity Members

- Number of students followed: 120

- Number who developed depression: 20

- Incidence rate = 20 / 120 = 0.1667 or 16.67% over two years

Incidence Rate in Non-Fraternity Students

- Number followed: 200

- Number developed depression: 20

- Incidence rate = 20 / 200 = 0.10 or 10%

Relative Risk Calculation

- RR = Incidence in exposed / Incidence in unexposed = 0.1667 / 0.10 = 1.6667

Interpretation

The relative risk of approximately 1.67 indicates that fraternity members are about 67% more likely to develop depression compared to non-members over the two-year period. This suggests a potential association between fraternity membership and increased depression risk, highlighting the importance of mental health interventions within collegiate environments.

Conclusion

The calculations demonstrate how epidemiological measures such as odds ratios, prevalence ratios, and relative risks quantify the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes. Identifying these relationships is vital for developing targeted public health strategies and understanding underlying risk factors.

References

  • Hennekens, C. H., & Buring, J. E. (1987). Epidemiology in Medicine. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Stratton, K., et al. (2010). Future of Public Health. Institute of Medicine.
  • Setia, M. S. (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology.
  • Szklo, M., & Nieto, F. J. (2014). Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • Gordon, C. E., et al. (2021). "Disparities in Uterine Fibroid Prevalence." Journal of Women's Health.
  • National Center for Health Statistics. (2019). "Depression Data among College Students." CDC Reports.
  • Woolf, S. H., & Aron, L. (2013). "The US Health Disparities." Journal of Public Health Policy.
  • Beaglehole, R., et al. (2004). The World Health Report 2004: Changing History. WHO.
  • Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Sage Publications.

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