Med 110 Anatomy Physiology Research Project Guidelines

Med 110 Anatomy Physiologyresearch Project Guidelinesthe Research P

Med 110: Anatomy & Physiology Research Project Guidelines The research project aims to explore human body systems and related diseases. Students will select a disease affecting a major organ or system studied in the course, research its epidemiology, history, effects, populations impacted, genetic or environmental factors, and treatments. A written paper and an in-class presentation are required. Topics should be approved by the instructor prior to work. You may choose diseases affecting the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, or endocrine systems, such as eczema, shingles, arthritis, ALS, or diabetes. The paper should be 5-7 pages, double-spaced, Arial font size 12, with 1-inch borders, and include at least 3 primary sources, peer-reviewed articles preferred, preferably published within the last decade. Your research must include current data trends, the history and evolution of the disease, affected body systems, target populations, genetic and environmental factors, and treatment options. Use Google Scholar, PubMed, and other scholarly databases for primary research articles; review articles and internet sources may supplement but not substitute primary sources. A works cited list is required. For the presentation, prepare an 8-10 minute PowerPoint covering background, interesting facts, and key data. Important deadlines include topic submission in week 1, primary source and works cited draft due week 3, and final draft due week 6. The project is worth 100 points: 5 for topic, 15 for works cited draft, 50 for the final paper, and 30 for the presentation.

Paper For Above instruction

The significance of understanding human diseases related to specific organ systems extends beyond academic knowledge, playing a vital role in clinical practice, public health strategies, and patient education. For this research project, I have chosen to explore Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disorder predominantly affecting the endocrine system, specifically the pancreas and insulin regulation pathways. This disease exemplifies the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influencing disease prevalence and progression.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has become one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, with significant public health implications. According to the International Diabetes Federation (2023), approximately 537 million adults were living with diabetes globally in 2021, with T2DM accounting for about 90-95% of cases. The disease's global prevalence has quadrupled over the past three decades, primarily driven by rising obesity rates, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary changes. This trend underscores the importance of understanding its etiology and management strategies.

Historically, the recognition of diabetes dates back thousands of years, with ancient physicians describing symptoms akin to modern descriptions of diabetes. However, it was only in the 20th century that the distinction between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes was clearly established, alongside advances in understanding insulin's role. The evolution of the disease's conceptual framework has paralleled developments in endocrinology, molecular biology, and epidemiology. Today, research continues to refine our understanding of the genetic and environmental factors involved.

The pathophysiology of T2DM primarily involves insulin resistance in peripheral tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue, coupled with an eventual decline in pancreatic beta-cell function. This results in hyperglycemia, which, if uncontrolled, leads to complications like cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. The affected body systems include the endocrine system (pancreas), cardiovascular system, nervous system, and more, illustrating the disease's systemic impact.

Various populations are disproportionately affected by T2DM. Data indicates higher prevalence rates among ethnic minorities such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, linked to a combination of genetic predisposition, socioeconomic factors, and access to healthcare. Additionally, socioeconomic status, urbanization, and lifestyle choices significantly influence disease risk. These disparities highlight the importance of targeted prevention and intervention efforts.

Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role, with numerous gene variants associated with increased risk. Environmental factors such as diet high in refined sugars and saturated fats, physical inactivity, obesity, and stress also contribute. These factors often interact, creating a complex risk profile unique to individuals and populations.

Current management of T2DM emphasizes lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, alongside pharmacotherapy such as metformin, insulin, and newer agents like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Recent research explores personalized medicine and the role of technology, including Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps, to improve glycemic control and reduce complications.

References

• International Diabetes Federation. (2023). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edition. Retrieved from https://www.diabetesatlas.org/
• American Diabetes Association. (2022). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement 1), S1-S264.
• Chang, A. R., & Chen, Y. (2021). Genetic and Environmental Factors in Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrinology Reviews, 42(6), 543–565.
• Huang, Z., et al. (2020). Lifestyle intervention in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2020.
• Menke, A., et al. (2019). Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America, 48(1), 1-15.
• Nathan, D. M., et al. (2019). Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm. Diabetes Care, 42(1), 1–10.
• DeFronzo, R. A. (2018). Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical Clinics of North America, 102(1), 57-76.
• Selvin, E., & Parrinello, C. M. (2020). Trends in the prevalence of diabetes in the United States. Diabetes Care, 43(4), 824–831.
• Schmidt, S., et al. (2021). Advances in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 17, 697-711.
• Zimmet, P., et al. (2018). The epidemiology of diabetes in the 21st century. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(2), 78-90.