Ming Dynasty 1368–1644: Establishment And Reasons

Ming Dynasty 1368 1644establishment Of Ming Dynastyreasons For Ming Su

Ming Dynasty 1368 1644establishment Of Ming Dynastyreasons For Ming Su Ming Dynasty Establishment of Ming Dynasty Reasons for Ming Success Ming Economy and Society Integration with World Economy Threats to Stability Arrival of Europeans – explorers, merchants, missionaries Conclusion Ming Dynasty Establishment of Ming Dynasty Centralized bureaucratic regime Traditions of rule and government Integrated society Rejection of sinicized Mongols Loss of mandate of heaven by Mongol rulers Establishment of Ming dynasty by peasant, Zhu Yuanzhang Ming Dynasty within Asia Sources of Strength Confucianism: Ideology Educational system Family-state connection and patriarchy Neo-Confucianism Timeline of Chinese Philosophy through the Song Dynasty Hongwu Emperor (r. ) Ming Government Strong Emperors: Direct involvement in government Hongwu Emperor (r. ) established Ming capital at Nanking (Nanjing) Yongle Emperor (r. ) Troops sent into Northern Vietnam Set up elaborate tribute system Promoted maritime expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, the Arabian Gulf and East Africa () under Zheng He, but last one sent in the 1470s Yongle Emperor (r. ) Importance of taxes Population growth Increased agricultural yield and products Government Finances and the Economy Ming Bureaucracy Importance of competent officials: Structure of government based on Tang-Song models Grand Secretariat, Censorate, Military, etc.

Multiple levels of government Mandarins = government officials Elegant Gathering in the Apricot Garden, c. 1437 Artistic representation of Chinese scholar- bureaucrats in the Ming dynasty Portrait of a Ming dynasty scholar-official of the highest rank (jinshi) Education and Officials Importance of scholar-officials Civil service examination system: Based on Confucian classics Staffed the government bureaucracy Elaborate and intensive system of exams Painting that depicts the Chinese examination system Ming Gentry Growth in numbers and importance in Ming dynasty: Intermediaries between government and people Chinese gentry Link to local politics and education Source of stability Social Pyramid in Imperial China Ming Economy and Society Increased interaction between China and the rest of the world, including Europe, by 1500 Rising demand for Chinese goods led to expansion of the economy and later to negative effects on internal affairs Arrival of European missionaries and merchants in the sixteenth century Integration of Ming China in the World Economy The effect of rapid growth in textile and porcelain industries on: Agriculture Currency Trade Cities Ming porcelain vase Lacquer box from Ming era Urban Life in Ming China Increased population Diverse urban society Dynamic urban culture Urban economy: Small businesses Factories Trade in Ming China Problems in Ming China Lack of technology Corruption Poor harvests Inflation – influx of silver Spanish Silver Coins Used in China Spanish Colonial Cob Spanish Pillar Dollar Arrival of Europeans to Ming China Reasons for European exploration Navigation around the Cape of Good Hope – Vasco da Gama (1498) Arrival of Portuguese in China, 1513 – expelled in 1533 – right to trade in Macao, 1557 Limited contact between foreigners and Chinese Portuguese Exploration in the Early Modern Age Missionaries in East Asia Franciscans – appealed to the masses Dominicans – appealed to the masses Jesuits, such as Matteo Ricci – appealed to the scholar-elites and gentry in China Matteo Ricci’s career and strategy in China Matteo Ricci dressed in traditional robes of Chinese scholar Ricci’s Success at Court Knowledge of science and gave gifts to the Imperial Court Adapted Catholic Christianity to Chinese cultural traditions Primary Source: “On Chinese Government – Selections from his Journals†In Beijing with imperial stipend European appreciation and knowledge of Chinese culture = sinology Conclusion Early Ming dynasty’s sources of strength: Confucianism; Strong emperors; Improved government finances; Competent officials; Increased role and influence of the gentry Latter half of Ming dynasty marked by economic prosperity, but with both positive and negative effects on Chinese society Exacerbation of internal problems Arrival of Europeans upset balance of power and influence within East Asia Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties Introduction about the Manchu and China The Manchu in North China and Fall of the Ming Rise of the Manchu and Rebellion Establishment of the Qing Dynasty and Manchu Strategy Kangxi (K’ang Hsi) Emperor and Qianlong Emperor Foreign affairs Conclusion Expansion of the Qing Dynasty The Manchu and China Manchu as an ally of the Ming dynasty in face of threats from Japanese pirates and Mongols Manchu used their knowledge of China to help establish new dynasty Created the Qing dynasty 1644 and controlled all of China by 1659 Manchu in North China Descendants of the Jurchens in north China in Jin dynasty () Hunters, fishermen and farmers United in early modern period under Nurhaci () Incorporated bilingual individuals in his government Nurhaci (), leader of the Jurchen Dynasty (Jin) East Asia c.

Fall of the Ming Dynasty Peasant rebellions Deflation Flooding in 1642 Smallpox epidemic in 1643 Rebel forces emerged throughout northern China in the 1630s, such as those led by Li Zicheng Peasant Rebel Leader, Li Zicheng () Rebellion By 1635 rebel leaders controlled much of north central China April 1644 Li’s armies in Beijing when last Ming emperor hanged himself Response to rebels led by General Wu Sangui Opened gates of Great Wall to let the Manchu into China Shanhai Pass in the Great Wall of China Establishment of the Qing Dynasty Wu and the Manchu occupied Beijing by June 1644 at the expense of the rebels Installation of new emperor in 1644 Pursuit of Ming loyalists Controlled all of China by 1659 Manchu Strategy Qing system of government Manchu as ethnically separate group Use of the banner system Creation of system to work with the Chinese, but to maintain Manchu identity, in government, society and military Manchu Banners Kangxi Emperor () Prosperous and vibrant reign Diligent and intelligent leader Gained control of government by 1669 Economic and cultural achievements Qing Emperor Kangxi (r. ) at a young age Primary source: “The Sacred Edicts†What values do these teachings reflect?

What is considered valuable and why? Do these edicts reinforce the power of the Emperor? Transmission of imperial goals and use of traditional Chinese language and concepts to solidify his position and his dynasty Qing Emperor Kangxi (r. ) Foreign Affairs Concern about the northern borders Conflict with the Russians on the Amur river in the 1680s The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689): Fixed the border between Russia and China Regulated trade across it until 1850 Qing control of Inner Mongolia by 1691 Expansion into Tibet, Taiwan and central Asia Emperor Kangxi on tour throughout his empire Qianlong Emperor () Emperor of the Middle Kingdom - Accomplishments - Strategies of Rule within China - Interaction with other groups - Economic development - Last great Qing Emperor Qianlong Emperor () Lord Macartney () Lord Macartney’s Trade Mission In September 1793 Lord Macartney met with the Qianlong Emperor in an effort to open up trading system in China for the benefit of Britain He wanted special trading privileges for Britain The Qianlong Emperor refused to change the established system since it did not benefit China Meeting between Qianlong Emperor and Lord Macartney in 1793 International Trade: Cohong system in Canton (Guangzhou): - Limited interaction between Chinese merchants and foreigners - Importance of tea, silk, porcelain - Foreigners subject to Chinese law - Competition for British with Spanish and Portuguese - Massive trade deficit for British merchants View of Canton, ca, (artist unknown) Trade problems and issues Opium: 1810s = 26 million taels of silver going into China 1830s = 34 million taels of silver going out of China Effects of opium addiction in China and role of British in opium trade Silver Currency in China 5 tael silver saddle coin 10 tael silver drum coin Conclusion The Ming dynasty fell by 1644 as a result of internal and external problems The Manchu took advantage of Ming weakness and their knowledge of China to create the Qing dynasty () The Qing dynasty experienced tremendous growth and great achievements, especially during the reign of two early emperors, but threats from the west increased instability and weakened China in the nineteenth century