Module 4 Question 1 Of 12: Ken An Eighth Grader In Mr. Markh

Module 4question 1 Of 12ken An Eighth Grader In Mr Markhams Class

Ken, an eighth grader in Mr. Markham's class, has become an academically weaker student during spring semester. Today Ken explained nervously to Mr. Markham that some bruises visible on his neck and arms resulted from incidents during recent lacrosse games. Mr. Markham suspects parental abuse. To follow ethical best practices as a professional educator, Mr. Markham should ask Ken more questions and look for other injuries rather than filing a report report his concerns to school administrators immediately ask the lacrosse coach about the injuries and remind the coach that such injuries should be reported Question 2 of 12 Dr. Davis, a high school principal, is experiencing stress at work and in his personal life. He decides to take an extended fishing trip to relieve the stress, and he classifies the time he takes off as medical leave. Does Dr. Davis's action put at risk the ethical principles for professional educators? Yes, because it was inappropriate for Dr. Davis to decide for himself what constitutes medical leave. No, because stress is a legitimate medical concern that could impair Dr. Davis's ability to do his job. No, as long as Dr. Davis carefully reviewed his own symptoms and determined that he fit the criteria for having a psychological condition. Question 3 of 12 As she is walking to her car at the end of the day, Ms. Avia notices one of her best-performing students smoking marijuana in a car in the school parking lot, but she decides not to report it. Did Ms. Avia act in a manner consistent with the behavior of a professional educator? Yes. Since there were no other adult witnesses of the student’s behavior, reporting would have had no effect. No. Since Ms. Avia has knowledge of an illegal act and a potentially impaired driver on school grounds, she has a duty to report the incident without delay. Yes. Since the incident took place outside of school hours, Ms. Avia had no duty to report. Question 4 of 12 While traveling on a bus with a group of students, a teacher, Ms. Carlisle, recognizes what she believes is a mechanical problem with the bus. She alerts the driver and insists that he stop and investigate the problem. Ms. Carlisle’s action is an example of which of the following best practices for professional educators? Ensuring student safety Being a steward of the law Maintaining objectivity Question 5 of 12 Which of the following serves as the clearest example of appropriately maintaining transparency as a professional educator? Explaining to the class that one of the students has had to move to a different school because of the student’s emotional problems Reporting to district authorities suspicions that the head of the PTA and the school principal are engaging in a sexual relationship Seeking the approval of the principal and administration before volunteering to meet with students on Saturdays to provide extra help Question 6 of 12 A teacher, Dr. Russell, reaches out to colleagues for advice because she suspects that one of her students may be engaged in underage sexual activity. The behavior described is most clearly an example of avoiding a conflict of interest ensuring student safety and welfare discouraging inappropriate relationships with students Question 7 of 12 Mr. Rupp is one of the chaperones for a high school class trip. The school buses are not able to accommodate everyone on the trip, so Mr. Rupp is driving his own car. One of Mr. Rupp's colleagues suggests that a student, Emily, who has had behavioral issues in the past, ride alone with Mr. Rupp so that she will not be disruptive on the bus. Which of the following principles would Mr. Rupp most clearly put at risk if he were to drive the student? Be proactive about ethical concerns that affect students. Interact with students only in appropriate settings. Take appropriate and reasonable steps to maintain student confidentiality. Question 8 of 12 Which of the following situations should most clearly raise an ethical concern for a professional educator? A teacher notices that two colleagues spend a great deal of their free time after school together. A teacher learns that another teacher owns a car wash and is advertising the car wash to students who have cars. A teacher notices that food left over after a school dance is being thrown away. Question 9 of 12 Mr. Robinson is the teacher in charge of teacher chaperones at a high school prom. He notices that Mr. Jones, one of the other chaperones, appears to be under the influence of alcohol. Which of the following should Mr. Robinson do? Tell Mr. Jones to take a taxi home, and tell a school administrator about his condition as soon as possible. Tell other chaperones to make sure Mr. Jones does not do anything inappropriate, and ask them not to say anything about the situation to anyone else. Assign Mr. Jones to a location where he will not have much interaction with students. Question 10 of 12 It is the last day of school before summer vacation, and all students have been dismissed. Before leaving, Mr. Quine presents bottles of wine as gifts to several fellow teachers. Mr. Quine's actions most clearly put at risk which of the following principles? An educator's professional responsibilities extend beyond the school building. Teachers should collaborate with colleagues in order to advance students' best interests without regard to personal reward or remuneration. Educators should exhibit personal and professional conduct that is in the best interest of the organization, learning community, school community, and profession. Question 11 of 12 While chaperoning the senior field trip, Ms. Dillard catches students drinking alcohol. What should Ms. Dillard do next? Confiscate the alcohol and report the incident to the school administration. Report the incident to the students' parents the next time she sees them, and advise them to discuss alcohol use and abuse with their children. Pretend she did not see the students drinking and walk away, since it would be a shame to spoil the students' records right before graduation. Question 12 of 12 In which of the following scenarios are the principles of professional ethics for educators most clearly put at risk? Mr. Calloway asks to leave for the day because of a headache, but he actually wants to leave early in order to have time to drive to another city for a concert. Mr. Sharp informs his principal that he updated his résumé in the school's official records, but Mr. Sharp inadvertently uploaded the wrong file. Ms. Kelly does not report to administrators that two of her students disrupted her class briefly by bursting into song. Given that most services are intangible personal experiences, the demand for services tends to vary greatly over time. Secondly, in most cases the service is produced and consumed simultaneously. Thus, service cannot be inventoried and the demand must be met when it occurs. All this makes matching the capacity (supply) and demand for services a difficult job. There are three ways to manage capacity and demand. The first set of strategies focus on managing the demand for services. The second set of strategies focus on altering the capacity to meet the demand. The third strategy, called yield management, manages both capacity and demand through a comprehensive system. Customers differ in their skills, knowledge, expectations, and preferences. It becomes difficult for a service to meet the varying needs of the customers. Services try to either accommodate the customer variations to maximize satisfaction or try to simplify the service to achieve operational efficiency. Sometimes, they can adopt a hybrid strategy. Market segmentation: Service customers can frequently be classified into different types. For example, a clinic may have appointments that are made well in advance as well as people who call in with urgent problems and want appointments the same day. It was found that the latter type of patients tend to call more on Mondays than other days. By tracking the calls for immediate service on different days, the number of advance appointments that can be determined. This can help to even out the demand for medical service on different days of the week. Differential pricing and promotions: Many services, such as airlines and hotels, use higher prices during the peak season and discount pricing and promotions during the lean periods to level the demand as much as possible and increase the utilization of the service and the overall revenues. Complementary services: Services can expand their menu by offering complementary services, such as cruises offering land tours at various ports of call. When the complementary services are countercyclical, they can help in smoothing the demand such as a store would do by selling Golf and Ski products. Overbooking reservations: When customers who made reservations do not arrive for service, they are called “no-shows.†Many services try to control the no-shows by selling non-refundable fares or by imposing penalties for making changes. But when there is no financial liability, services such as airlines and hotels try to overbook in order to control the cost of no-shows. The number of reservations overbooked is determined by the trade-off between the opportunity cost of not utilizing the capacity QSO 610 Module Eight 1 and the cost of turning away passengers when there is no room. We will use the following example from Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons (2011) to illustrates how to make that trade-off and determine the number of reservations to overbook. Problem A family-run inn is considering the use of overbooking because the frequency of no-shows listed below has left many rooms vacant during the past summer season. An empty room represents an opportunity cost of $69, which is the average room rate. Accommodating an overbooked guest is expensive, however, because the nearby resort rooms average $119 and the inn must pay the difference. What would be the expected gain per night from overbooking? No-shows Frequency Table 8-1 Solution There are two ways to determine the solution to this problem. First is to prepare a table that lists the loss for the number of rooms overbooked and the number of no-shows a given below. This table is based on two costs: Cu = Unit cost of no-shows (the revenue is lost due to an empty room or seat) = $69 Co = Unit cost of overbooking (the cost incurred in turning a customer away) = $119 - $69 = $50 Reservations Overbooked No-shows Probability .... Expected Loss 69 47.6 61.9 100 Table 8-2 The expected loss for each level of overbooking is found by multiplying the loss by the probability of the loss and adding up the numbers. As we can see, the expected loss is minimized by overbooking one reservation. 2 QSO 610 Module Eight Note that in the table $69 is the expected loss if there is no overbooking and $47.60 is the expected loss by overbooking one reservation. Thus, by overbooking one reservation, the expected loss is reduced by $69 - $47.60 = $ 21.40, i.e., the expected gain by overbooking. The second method that can be used to find the optimal level of overbooking is called the Critical Fractile approach. In this approach, the optimal overbooking level is set such that the cumulative probability of no-shows just covers the critical probability which is calculated as given below. 5798.0. == −+ = + = ou u crit CC C P No-shows Probability of no-shows Cumulative Probability of no-shows 0 0.40 0..30 0..20 0..10 1.00 Table 8-3 As we can see the Cumulative Probability P(no shows ≤ 1) just covers the critical probability of 0.5798, therefore, the overbooking level should be set at one room. Capacity is the maximum rate of output. In case of services, it is difficult to achieve the maximum rate of output since customer arrivals are unpredictable and highly variable and the customers cannot be made to wait for too long when they arrive. A few strategies to plan the capacity to meet the demand are given below: Day shift scheduling: Scheduling staff to meet the hour-by-hour requirements during the day is an important decision for services such as call centers, restaurants, and banks. In such cases, demand is broken down into hourly requirements. The number of employees required to meet the demand are calculated by using queuing models so as to achieve the desired service level. Employee shifts or tours are added up to approximate the hour-by-hour staff requirements such that the deviations are minimized. Weekly work shift scheduling: Many services operate six or seven days a week. Since employees usually work five days a week with two consecutive days off, it becomes necessary to schedule the employees to different shifts such that the daily requirements are met while minimizing the total number of employees required. This problem can be formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) model as illustrated through the following problem from Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons (2011). QSO 610 Module Eight 3 Problem The number of nurses required to meet the demand for emergency services on different days of the week at a Hospital Emergency Room are given below: Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Nurses Table 8-3 Develop a weekly work shift schedule providing two consecutive days off per week for each nurse. Formulate the problem as an integer linear programming problem to minimize the number of nurses needed and solve using Excel Solver. If more nurses are required than the existing staff of eight, suggest an alternative to hiring full-time nurses. Solution To formulate this problem as an ILP model, we define the following shifts: Let xi = Number of employees assigned to the shift that starts on day i (five consecutive working days starting with day i followed by two days off) for i = 1, 2, .., 7 (i = 1 is Monday, i = 2 is Tuesday and so on). Objective Function: Minimize the total number of employees Z = x1 + x2 + … + x7 Subject to the following constraints: Number of employees working on Monday: x1 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 ≥ 6 (all except those whose shifts start on Tuesday and Wednesday will be working on Monday) Number of employees working on Tuesday: x1 + x2 + x5 + x6 + x7 ≥ 5 (all except those whose shifts start on Wednesday and Thursday will be working on Tuesday) Number of employees working on Wednesday: x1 + x2 + x3 + x6 + x7 ≥ 6 (all except those whose shifts start on Thursday and Friday will be working on Wednesday) Number of employees working on Thursday: x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x7 ≥ 6 (all except those whose shifts start on Friday and Saturday will be working on Thursday) Number of employees working on Friday: 4 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ≥ 6 (all except those whose shifts start on Saturday and Sunday will be working on Friday) Number of employees working on Saturday: x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 ≥ 5 (all except those whose shifts start on Sunday and Monday will be working on Saturday) Number of employees working on Sunday: x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 ≥ 3 (all except those whose shifts start on Monday and Tuesday will be working on Sunday) xi ≥ 0 and integer When the problem is set up in Excel Solver, the following solution is found: Shift Mon-Fri Tue-Sat Wed-Sun Thu-Mon Fri-Tue Sat-Wed Sun-Thu Total Staff Number Table 8-4 In other words, three employees will work the Monday thru Friday shift, two will work the Tuesday thru Saturday shift, two will work the Thursday thru Monday shift and one will work Saturday thru Wednesday shift for a total of eight employees. Other methods include the following: Using customer participation: Having customers serve themselves, such as at gas stations, reduces the number of employees needed to provide the service. Similarly, having employees use the self-service checkouts at department stores does the same. Creating flexible capacity: Airlines do this by moving partitions between the first class and economy class or by upgrading economy class passengers to first class. Assigning back office tasks: The employees can be assigned non-customer contact tasks during slow periods. This may require cross-training the staff in those tasks. Cross training employees: Cross-trained employees can be moved temporarily to other areas that are experiencing peak loads. For example, employees are moved between different duties according to the customer demand at a department store. Using part-time employees: Part-time employees can be scheduled during peak periods that are known in advance such as Fridays and pay days at the banks. Yield management is a comprehensive demand and capacity management system to maximize revenues for services that are constrained by capacity such as airlines and hotels. This strategy is used by segmenting the market and charging different rates from different types of customers. Airlines distinguish the business travelers from the leisure travelers by requiring a Saturday night stay for the latter. QSO 610 Module Eight 5 Using airlines as an example, initially some airplane seats are sold at very low non-refundable rates to budget-conscious travelers who book well in advance. When all budget seats are taken up, additional seats are sold at standard non-refundable but higher rates. Finally, the remaining seats are sold at the highest refundable rates. These seats typically are sold to customers such as business travelers who are not able to book in advance but cannot put off the travel. By adopting this strategy, the airlines are able to increase utilization of the planes and at the same time earn higher revenues. 6 QSO 610 Module Eight QSO 610 Module Eight 7 References Fitzsimmons, J. A., & Fitzsimmons, M. J. (2011). Service management: Operations, strategy, information technology. (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Homework: Problems Submit complete solutions to the following exercises to your instructor: Text Chapter 11 Exercise 5 (Determining the Level of Overbooking) · Develop a table similar to Table 11-6. Determine the best overbooking level based on expected cost (loss) approach. · Determine the best overbooking level based on the Critical Fractile Criterion. An airline serving Denver’s International Airport and Steamboat Springs, Colorado, is considering overbooking its flights to avoid flying with empty seats. For example, the ticket agent is thinking of taking seven reservations for an airline that has only six seats. During the past month, the no-show experience has been No shows Percentage The operating costs associated with each flight are pilot, $150; first officer, $100; fuel, $30; and landing fee, $20. What would be your recommendation for overbooking if a one-way ticket sells for $80 and the cost of not honoring a reservation is a free lift ticket worth $50 plus a seat on the next flight? What is the expected profit per flight for your overbooking choice? Text Chapter 11 Exercise 7 (Employee Work shift Scheduling) · Determine the best staffing level using the linear programming approach. Copy and paste the spreadsheet showing how the problem was set up in Excel and the Answer Sheet from Excel in your assignment The sheriff has been asked by the county commissioners to increase weekend patrols in the lake regions during the summer months. The sheriff has proposed the following weekly schedule, shifting deputies from weekday assignments to weekends: Day Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Assignment Develop a weekly workshift schedule of duty tours, providing two consecutive days off per week for each officer