Module 4: The American Dream - This Discussion Addresses Mod

Module 4the American Dreamthis Discussion Addresses Module Outcome 1

This discussion addresses module outcome 1. You will apply sociological theories to explain inequality and the consequences to society. Functionalists argue that when a situation is a cultural universal (exists in every society) it is a necessary component for the survival of society. Inequality is a cultural universal. You will evaluate the argument that inequality is useful to society even though it is the source of social problems.

Before beginning this activity, be sure to read the Module Notes and the assigned readings and viewings. Use as much detail from the readings and other learning materials in the module as possible to answer the following questions. Apply any theory that you have learned to explain why inequality exists as a cultural universal. Is inequality useful to society? Use evidence from the module readings and viewings to support your answer.

Discuss both the benefits and the consequences of inequality. Your initial post should be at least 250 words and must substantively integrate the assigned readings with proper APA style formatting. For assistance with APA style formatting, visit the Library or the Excelsior OWL.

Paper For Above instruction

Inequality, as a pervasive feature across all societies, has long been a subject of sociological analysis and debate. The universal existence of inequality suggests that it serves certain functional purposes within societal structures, underpinning theories such as structural functionalism. This perspective posits that inequality is not merely a social flaw but an indispensable element that contributes to societal stability and progress. From this standpoint, inequality incentivizes individuals to achieve and innovate, fostering economic growth and social development. Moreover, it ensures that critical roles and positions are filled by qualified individuals, which is essential for the functioning of complex societies (Davis & Moore, 1945).

Applying sociological theories provides insight into why inequality persists as a cultural universal. Functionalist theory emphasizes that differential rewards motivate individuals to undertake necessary but often challenging tasks (Parsons, 1951). For example, higher education and specialized training are often linked to more prestigious and better-paying roles, which are essential for societal functioning. Such distinctions also create a hierarchy that maintains order and delineates social roles, contributing to societal stability (Tumin, 1953). Conversely, conflict theory critiques this view by emphasizing that inequality often benefits the dominant classes at the expense of others, perpetuating social stratification and systemic disadvantages (Marx, 1867). Consequently, inequality can foster social conflict and reinforces power imbalances, leading to social problems including poverty, discrimination, and social exclusion.

The benefits of inequality include the stimulation of innovation, motivation for individuals to strive for higher social and economic positions, and the allocation of talent to roles that maximize societal efficiency. However, the adverse consequences are equally significant. Inequality can result in unequal access to resources such as education, healthcare, and employment, which exacerbates social disparities and perpetuates cycles of poverty (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2009). These disparities undermine social cohesion and can lead to increased crime rates, reduced social trust, and political instability. Thus, while inequality may serve functional roles within societal systems, its detrimental effects raise questions about its overall desirability and fairness.

In conclusion, inequality functions as a cultural universal with roots in functionalist and conflict perspectives. Although it can promote societal progress through motivation and role allocation, its negative consequences are profound, fostering social divisions and systemic inequalities. A balanced approach that recognizes both the functional benefits and the social costs is crucial for understanding and addressing inequality within modern societies.

References

• Davis, K., & Moore, W. E. (1945). Some Principles of Stratification. American Sociological Review, 10(2), 242–249.
• Marx, K. (1867). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Penguin Classics.
• Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. Free Press.
• Tumin, M. M. (1953). Some Principles of Stratification: A Critical Analysis. American Sociological Review, 18(4), 387–394.
• Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane.