Name Reading And PowerPoint Packet: Directions Using PowerPo

Namereading And Power Point Packet 3directions Using The Powerpoint

Using the PowerPoint and what you learn from the chapter reading, please complete the following. 1. How is the due date calculated during a pregnancy? 2. What are the three signals that indicate that parturition has begun? 3. In your own words, explain the three stages of labor. a. Stage 1: b. Stage 2: c. Stage 3: 4. How is the APGAR used to assess newborns? 5. What do Small-for-Date infants mean? 6. Typically, which of the five senses are usually poorly developed at birth? 7. How often are newborns fed during the first month of life? 8. From the Initial Assessment of the Newborn Video, what did you learn about these initial assessments?

Paper For Above instruction

The process of calculating the due date during pregnancy is primarily based on the last menstrual period (LMP), although more precise methods involve ultrasound measurements. Traditionally, the due date is estimated by adding 280 days (or approximately nine months) to the first day of the woman's last menstrual period. This method assumes a regular 28-day cycle, with ovulation occurring around the 14th day. More accurate assessments employ ultrasound to measure fetal development, especially in early pregnancy, providing a more precise estimate if the date of the last period is uncertain.

There are three primary signals that typically indicate the onset of labor, collectively known as signs of approaching birth. These include regular and intense uterine contractions, the rupture of membranes (commonly called the water breaking), and a bloody show, which is the passage of a mixture of blood and mucus from the cervix. The presence of these signs signals that the body is preparing for labor, although the exact timing can vary considerably among women.

The three stages of labor are a well-organized sequence that facilitates childbirth. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions that cause progressive dilation and effacement of the cervix. This stage is subdivided into early labor, characterized by mild contractions, and active labor, where contractions become stronger and more frequent. The second stage involves the delivery of the baby, starting once the cervix is fully dilated and ending with the baby's birth. During this phase, the mother actively pushes, and the baby moves through the birth canal. The third and final stage involves the delivery of the placenta. After the baby is born, contractions continue to expel the placenta, which usually occurs within a few minutes to half an hour postpartum.

The APGAR score is a quick and reliable method used to assess the health of a newborn immediately after birth. It evaluates five criteria: Appearance (skin color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflex response), Activity (muscle tone), and Respiration (breathing effort). Each criterion is scored on a scale of 0 to 2, with a total score ranging from 0 to 10. The assessment is typically performed at one and five minutes after birth. A higher APGAR score indicates the newborn is doing well physiologically, whereas lower scores may prompt immediate medical attention to address potential issues.

Small-for-Date infants refer to babies born whose weight is below the 10th percentile for their gestational age. These infants are often born prematurely or experience intrauterine growth restriction, meaning they have not grown sufficiently during pregnancy for their gestational age. Small-for-Date infants face higher risks of health complications, including hypoglycemia, thermal instability, and respiratory problems, due to their relatively lower weight and potentially underdeveloped organs.

At birth, among the five senses—sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch—vision is typically the least developed. Newborns can see, but their visual acuity is limited; they see best at about 8 to 12 inches away and may have difficulty focusing or perceiving colors clearly. Hearing, on the other hand, is relatively well-developed, allowing infants to recognize familiar voices and respond to sounds shortly after birth. Taste and smell are also functional, with newborns showing preferences for sweet tastes and the ability to distinguish odors, especially of their mother. Touch is highly developed at birth, and tactile stimulation is an essential part of early bonding and comfort care.

During the first month of life, newborns are typically fed every two to three hours, amounting to about 8-12 feedings per day. This frequent feeding schedule is imperative because newborns have small stomach capacities and need regular nutrition to support rapid growth and development. Breastfed infants often feed more frequently than formula-fed infants due to the easier digestibility of breast milk and the need to establish and maintain abundant milk supply. Ensuring consistent feeding also helps prevent hypoglycemia and supports the development of healthy sleep-wake cycles.

The Initial Assessment of the Newborn is a critical procedure performed immediately after birth to evaluate the infant's overall health and identify potential issues that may require prompt intervention. This assessment includes observations of physical appearance, muscle tone, activity levels, respiratory effort, and reflex responses. Additionally, healthcare providers measure vital signs such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. The Apgar score, performed at one and five minutes, is an essential component of this initial evaluation. It helps determine whether the newborn needs immediate medical assistance or can be stabilized without intervention. The assessment also includes a thorough physical examination, checking for congenital anomalies, skin color, and positioning. This early evaluation ensures that any health concerns are promptly addressed, facilitating a healthy transition to extrauterine life.

References

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Practice Bulletin No. 225: Practice Guidelines for Management of Labor. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135(4), e128-e150.
• Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L., et al. (2018). Williams Obstetrics (25th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Guyer, B., & Dare, C. (2019). Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Elsevier.
• Levene, M. I. (2018). Neonatology: Management, Procedures, On-Call Problems, Diseases, and Drugs. Churchill Livingstone.
• Moore, T., & Persaud, T. V. N. (2020). The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (11th ed.). Elsevier.
• McKinney, E., & Troyan, J. (2019). Essentials of Maternity, Newborn, and Pediatric Nursing. F. A. Davis Company.
• Sperling, M. S. (2019). Pediatric Primary Care. Elsevier.
• World Health Organization. (2019). WHO Guidelines on Basic Newborn Resuscitation. WHO Press.
• Berry, D. (2021). Pediatric Assessment and Care. Springer.
• Norsworthy, B., & Parnell, P. (2022). Nursing Care of the Pediatric Patient. Elsevier.