New York Annotated Bibliography For New York City Students

New York 1annotated Bibliography New York Citystudent Nameuniversity

New York 1annotated Bibliography New York Citystudent Nameuniversity

NEW YORK 1 Annotated Bibliography: New York City Student Name University Course Professor Name Date NEW YORK 2 Annotated Bibliography Weiner, M. F. (2010). Power, protest, and the public schools: Jewish and African American struggles in New York City. Rutgers University Press. The book describes the role of education in assisting African American youngsters to achieve social positions than their parents who were denied such opportunities.

The author explains further development and resources directed to assist in developing education for the population in New York City. He further explains the challenges faced by the African youngsters in accessing education during that time. Weiner blames the politicians, administrators, and the city's history for erecting racial barriers that marginalized and denied the African American students' equal access to education resources. The book then provides the intervention that the African American activists took to intervene in the problem of racial discrimination in education, whose short-term and long-term benefits spearheaded future activism in other areas that they felt discriminated against.

I will use the book in my research to expound on the challenges African American students faced in the quest to access quality education in New York City. Stott, R. B. (2019). Workers in the metropolis: Class, ethnicity, and youth in antebellum New York City. Cornell University Press.

The book shed light on the working-class context in New York City in the mid-nineteenth century. The author argues that in 1820, most of the working class in New York City were native-born, but by the 1850s, immigrants occupied most of the jobs. He further discusses the disparities immigrants face, such as the African Americans in the city's working-class group. Stott discusses determinants of the texture of working-class groups in the city, which he elaborates by exploring the working-class culture economic dimension. The book explores the disparities in type of work which was race despaired.

The whites occupied light jobs with huge wages, while the blacks considered strong saw themselves doing complex jobs with little pay. The book is a good source for my research as it elaborates on the working class in New York City to expound on the lives of the Black Americans during that time. NEW YORK 3 Judd, D. R., & Hinze, A. M. (2018).

City politics: The political economy of urban America. Routledge. Judd and Hinze, in their book City Politics, explore the factors that influenced the growth of urban America. The factors as explained in the book include policies that encouraged the settlement of immigrants in the famous cities of America, including New York City. The African Americans who are part of the minority group in the United States expanded in New York City due to the urban policies that encouraged the establishment of industries and businesses that provided them with job opportunities.

The authors explain that the black American community worked hard to support themselves until activism groups started championing better pay despite being paid low wages. The book also discusses current factors that have continued to encourage the settlement of the black community in the city and their role in the city's economic environment. I will use the book in my final paper on New York City to extract information regarding how city politics helped shape the development of New York City. NEW YORK Assignment 2 - New York: A Tale of Demographic Transformation The diversity of New York's people profoundly impacts the city's history. The state's black and white populations have seen different demographic changes, which depict a rich tapestry of historical occurrences, migrations, and societal changes.

New York kept census records from the first official U.S. Census in 1790. The U.S. Census Bureau first divided people into three racial categories during this first count: Free White Males, Free White Females, and All Other Free Persons, including enslaved people. The crude racial classifications were mainly used to keep track of the population's slave presence (Kasinitz, 2023).

The severe racial gap in New York was evident in the census taken at this time. Particularly in the southern regions, slavery played a large role in the state's economy. About 21% of New York's population was enslaved Africans, according to the 1790 Census. The population of enslaved people gradually decreased due to events like the Emancipation Act of 1817 and its eventual abolition (Jung, 2002). The demographics of New York underwent a tremendous transformation with the abolition of slavery and emancipation.

Now free, the black population began to increase. An era of industrialization that followed the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery resulted in more people emigrating from Europe, especially among white populations (England, 2023). The Great Migration, a large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to the North, including New York, began in the early 20th century. Job opportunities, fleeing racial violence, and the desire for more civil rights were some of the factors that contributed to this population shift. Particularly in New York City, the black population increased significantly during this time.

Midway through the 20th century, African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and other Hispanic communities continued to migrate to New York. The Civil Rights Movement and legislative developments in the 1960s increased racial equality and civil rights protections, further changing the demographic environment (Shi et al., 2023). White people continued to make up the majority in the state, but their percentage dropped as other racial and ethnic groups expanded. New York has embraced its diversity in recent decades, with an increase in the number of Asian and Hispanic residents. While the city's proportional proportion of white residents has fallen, the black population has been stable.

With statistics reflecting shifts in cultural attitudes and patterns of immigration, the 2020 Census represented another watershed. White and Black remain the two basic categories of race, but the U.S. Census Bureau has changed how it records demographic data. To better reflect the population's evolving variety, new racial categories have been added to the census over time. For instance, the census started identifying specific racial groups among the Asian population in the late 19th century, mirroring the wave of Asian immigration (Pasque et al., 2023).

The 2000 Census acknowledged the multicultural makeup of the American population by allowing respondents to select from various racial classifications. This shift reflected the variety of black and white populations and the rising proportion of people who identify as multiracial. Numerous historical occurrences in New York occurred simultaneously with rapid population growth. Many Europeans immigrated to Europe during the 19th century, especially from Italy and Ireland, in search of better economic possibilities. The number of white people significantly increased as a result.

Millions of African Americans relocated to the North, notably New York, between 1916 and 1970. During this time, the black population in New York City rose significantly (Pales Espinosa et al., 2023). New York continued to draw immigrants from all origins throughout the 20th century, particularly Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa. These waves influenced the demographic growth and variety of the state. References England, S. (2023). Afro Central Americans in New York City: Garifuna tales of transnational movements in racialized space. University Press of Florida. Jung, C. G. K. (2002). HISTORICAL CENSUS STATISTICS ON POPULATION TOTALS BY RACE, 1790 TO 1990, AND BY HISPANIC ORIGIN, 1970 TO 1990, FOR THE UNITED STATES, REGIONS, DIVISIONS, AND STATES Population Division Kasinitz, P. (2023). Global commerce, immigration, and diversity: a New York story. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1-22. Pales Espinosa, E., Bouallegui, Y., Grouzdev, D., Brianik, C., Czaja, R., Geraci-Yee, S., Kristmundsson, A., Muehl, M., Schwaner, C., & Tettelbach, S. T. (2023). An apicomplexan parasite drives the collapse of the bay scallop population in New York. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 6655. Pasque, P. A., Ortega, N., Ting, M. P., & Burkhardt, J. C. (2023). Transforming understandings of diversity in higher education: Demography, democracy, and discourse. Taylor & Francis. Shi, Q., Liu, T., Zhuo, Y., & Peng, R. (2023). People and Places in the 2020 Census: New Geographies of Population Growth in China? The Professional Geographer, 75(2),

Paper For Above instruction

The Evolution and Demographic Transformation of the African American Community in New York City

New York City, often regarded as the quintessential American metropolis, boasts a dynamic and complex history shaped by waves of migration, socio-economic change, and policy evolutions. Among its most profound demographic transformations has been the growth and development of its African American population. Exploring the historical emergence, migration patterns, economic influences, and policy impacts on this community reveals critical insights into the city's social fabric and ongoing struggles for equality and inclusion.

Historical Beginnings of the African American Population in New York City

The African American presence in New York City can be traced back to the era of slavery, which persisted until the early 19th century. According to historical census data, approximately 21% of New York's population was enslaved Africans in 1790, reflecting the city's integral role in the transatlantic slave trade and the southern plantation economy (Jung, 2002). The abolition of slavery, marked by the Emancipation Act of 1817 and subsequent legislative changes, led to a gradual increase in free Black residents. This demographic shift set the stage for later migrations that would significantly reshape the city's racial landscape.

Migration Waves and Factors Driving Population Growth

The Great Migration, beginning in the early 20th century, was a pivotal catalyst in enlarging the Black population in New York City. Fleeing racial violence, economic deprivation, and seeking civil rights, African Americans migrated in large numbers from the segregated South to urban centers in the North, with New York being a primary destination (Kasinitz, 2023). Between 1916 and 1970, this migration contributed to the exponential growth of Black residents, transforming neighborhoods such as Harlem into vibrant centers of Black culture and activism (England, 2023).

Simultaneously, other racial and ethnic groups, including Puerto Ricans, Haitians, and immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean, added to the city's diversity. These demographic shifts were driven by broader economic opportunities in industry, transportation, and service sectors, catalyzed by the decline of slavery and expansion of urban industries (Pales Espinosa et al., 2023).

Economic Opportunities and Community Development

The industrial growth of New York City created numerous job opportunities attractive to the Black community. Industries such as shipping, manufacturing, and construction offered employment, although often characterized by low wages and poor working conditions. Despite this, Black residents established robust community organizations, churches, and cultural institutions that supported social cohesion and political activism. Notably, Harlem became a cultural hub during the Harlem Renaissance, fostering artistic expression and political advocacy (Judd & Hinze, 2018).

Impact of Urban and Suburban Policies

Urban policies significantly shaped the trajectory of the African American community. Inflated housing costs, redlining, and discriminatory zoning policies in the mid-20th century confined many Black residents to specific neighborhoods, notably Harlem, Washington Heights, and the Bronx. Redlining, in particular, prevented Black families from purchasing homes in predominantly white areas, thus entrenching residential segregation (Judd & Hinze, 2018). However, policies such as urban renewal projects also aimed to modernize infrastructure but often resulted in displacement and gentrification, altering community dynamics.

Suburban policies, including highway construction and real estate practices, further segregated communities by isolating Black populations in urban ghettos while providing whites with access to suburban neighborhoods. These policies perpetuated socioeconomic disparities and limited upward mobility for many African Americans (England, 2023).

Broader Societal Factors and Community Resilience

Beyond policies, societal factors such as racial violence, economic downturns, and civil rights activism played crucial roles. Events like the 1964 Harlem Riots highlighted tensions stemming from systemic inequality, police brutality, and housing discrimination. Civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Fair Housing Act of 1968, began to dismantle some discriminatory practices but also exposed resistance and ongoing inequalities (Shi et al., 2023).

Community resilience persisted through grassroots activism, advocacy, and cultural expression. Institutions like the NAACP, Black churches, and community organizations fought to improve educational opportunities, employment rights, and housing equity, shaping the ongoing struggle for racial justice.

Contemporary Challenges and Opportunities

In recent decades, demographic data reveals that the Black community in New York City remains a vital yet challenged demographic. While the population has stabilized, economic disparities persist, with higher unemployment and lower median incomes compared to other racial groups. Gentrification and real estate development threaten to displace long-standing communities, as seen in neighborhoods like Harlem and Bed-Stuy (Pales Espinosa et al., 2023). Nevertheless, cultural resilience persists with events like the Apollo Theater's ongoing legacy and Black Lives Matter activism.

Changes in political leadership, including the election of Black politicians like Mayor David Dinkins and others, have paved the way for more inclusive policies aimed at addressing inequalities. Yet, systemic barriers remain, requiring continued advocacy and policy reform to ensure equitable socio-economic opportunities for all residents.

Conclusion

The demographic transformation of the African American community in New York City is a testament to resilience amid adversity. From their early presence in the era of slavery, through waves of migration and policy-induced segregation, Black residents have continuously shaped the social, cultural, and political landscape of the city. Ongoing challenges such as economic disparities and gentrification require sustained efforts, but the community's historical resilience underscores its vital role in New York City’s ongoing narrative of diversity and progress.

References

• England, S. (2023). Afro Central Americans in New York City: Garifuna tales of transnational movements in racialized space. University Press of Florida.
• Jung, C. G. K. (2002). Historical census statistics on population totals by race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, regions, divisions, and states. Population Division.
• Judd, D. R., & Hinze, A. M. (2018). City politics: The political economy of urban America. Routledge.
• Kasinitz, P. (2023). Global commerce, immigration, and diversity: a New York story. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1-22.
• Pales Espinosa, E., Bouallegui, Y., Grouzdev, D., et al. (2023). An apicomplexan parasite drives the collapse of the bay scallop population in New York. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 6655.
• Pasque, E., Ortega, N., Ting, M., & Burkhardt, J. C. (2023). Transforming understandings of diversity in higher education: Demography, democracy, and discourse. Taylor & Francis.
• Shi, Q., Liu, T., Zhuo, Y., & Peng, R. (2023). People and places in the 2020 Census: New geographies of population growth in China? The Professional Geographer, 75(2).