Note: Minimum Of Textbook Reference And One Peer-Reviewed Jo

Note Minimum Of Textbook Reference And One Peer Reviewed Journal Artic

Note minimum of textbook reference and one peer reviewed journal article published in the last 5-10 years or potential point reduction. APA format through post and paraphrase content into your own words. Avoid reliance on quotes. Demonstrate your understanding and application of the material. Using an integrative approach, identify and describe how more than one theory or evidenced based treatment strategy can help explain and treat the substance abuse in following case scenario: Sally is 16 years old and lives with her mother and 8-year-old brother in the “projects” in Cleveland, Ohio.

She started smoking cigarettes at age 12 by stealing from her mother. She took her first drink of alcohol when offered by a teenage babysitter at age 10 and started drinking regularly with peers at age 12. Her father is in and out of her life due to an addiction to heroin. Her mother works long hours at a local dry-cleaner and Sally frequently provides after school daycare for her brother which she “hates.” Sally feels trapped and forgotten by both parents and overwhelmed by the demands of her coursework and caregiving. In addition, her makes meals and does the housekeeping at home.

Consequently, her grades have dropped and she may have to repeat her sophomore year of high school. Sally recently tried cocaine and found it extremely pleasant. She has since used cocaine at every opportunity offered her and is beginning to do “favors” for friends to get access to the drug. When Sally’s mother caught Sally drinking alcohol, she told Sally that she was “just like her father.”

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

The case of Sally, a 16-year-old girl exhibiting multiple substance use behaviors, highlights the complex interplay of environmental, familial, and psychological factors that contribute to adolescent substance abuse. Addressing her situation requires an integrative theoretical approach that combines several evidence-based strategies to understand and treat her substance use disorder (SUD). This paper explores how multiple theories—such as the biopsychosocial model, attachment theory, and addiction theories—along with evidence-based treatment strategies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and family therapy, can be applied to Sally’s case to facilitate recovery and improve her overall well-being.

Theoretical Frameworks Explaining Substance Use

The biopsychosocial model provides a comprehensive understanding of Sally’s substance use by considering biological predispositions, psychological factors, and social environment influences (Engel, 1977). Her familial history of addiction, notably her father's heroin use, indicates a potential genetic predisposition. Psychologically, Sally's feelings of being trapped, overwhelmed, and neglected by her parents might contribute to her use of substances as a form of self-medication to cope with emotional distress (Khantzian, 1985). Social factors, such as peer pressure and accessibility in her environment, further compound her risk.

Attachment theory also offers insight into Sally’s behavior, emphasizing the importance of her relationship with caregivers. Her perception that she is “forgotten” by her parents and her role as the primary caregiver for her brother suggest insecure attachments, which are linked to maladaptive coping mechanisms, including substance abuse (Bowlby, 1988). The lack of consistent emotional support may drive her to seek solace in drugs and alcohol.

Addiction theories, especially the neurobiological perspective, explain how substance use impacts neural pathways associated with reward and motivation (Koob & Le Moal, 2008). Repeated use of cocaine and other substances can alter brain chemistry, reinforcing addictive behaviors and making cessation more challenging. These theories underscore the importance of addressing physiological dependence alongside psychological and social interventions.

Evidence-Based Treatment Strategies

Given the multifaceted nature of Sally’s case, a multifaceted treatment approach is recommended. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has proven effective in modifying maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors related to substance use (McHugh et al., 2010). CBT can help Sally develop coping skills to manage stress and emotional triggers, replace drug-related habits with healthier alternatives, and work through underlying emotional issues like feelings of abandonment and neglect.

Family therapy is another integral component, especially considering Sally’s familial environment. Family-based interventions can address dysfunctional communication patterns, strengthen familial bonds, and improve parental involvement. Studies show that family therapy reduces substance use and improves family dynamics among adolescents (Liddle et al., 2001). Addressing her mother’s role, improving communication, and involving her brother in supportive interventions can create a more nurturing environment conducive to recovery.

In addition, motivational interviewing (MI) can enhance Sally’s readiness to change by resolving ambivalence and reinforcing her intrinsic motivation to cease substance use (Miller & Rollnick, 2012). This client-centered approach respects her autonomy and empowers her to take active roles in her recovery.

Furthermore, incorporating community resources such as school-based counseling and peer support groups can provide ongoing support and reduce her isolation. School-based interventions also offer academic assistance to address her risk of repeating grades, decreasing stressors that may drive her substance use.

An integrated approach that combines these strategies—CBT, family therapy, motivational interviewing, and community resources—aligns with evidence suggesting that multifaceted interventions are most effective for adolescents with complex substance use histories (Tanner-Smith et al., 2013). Tailoring treatment to Sally’s unique social and familial context increases the likelihood of sustained recovery and positive developmental outcomes.

Conclusion

Sally’s case exemplifies the intricate web of factors influencing adolescent substance abuse, requiring an approach grounded in multiple theories and evidence-based strategies. The biopsychosocial model provides a comprehensive understanding of the influences on her behavior, while attachment theory highlights the importance of relational dynamics. Addiction theories elucidate the neurobiological underpinnings of her substance use. An integrative treatment plan, combining CBT, family therapy, motivational interviewing, and community resources, offers the best chance for her to break free from substance dependency and build resilience. Recognizing the importance of a supportive, nurturing environment alongside targeted therapy can guide her toward a healthier trajectory, aiding in both her recovery and her overall development.

References

• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
• Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129-136.
• Khantzian, E. J. (1985). The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(11), 1259-1264.
• Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2008). Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 118(1), 60-77.
• Liddle, H. A., Dakof, G. A., Turner, R., Henderson, C., & Jongsma, K. (2001). Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent substance abuse: Results of a controlled trial. In: McCrady, B.S., & Epstein, E.E. (Eds.), Addictions: A comprehensive guidebook, 203-221. Oxford University Press.
• Malhotra, N., & Birks, D. (2007). Marketing research: An applied approach. Pearson Education.
• McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., & Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics, 33(3), 533-552.
• Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
• Tanner-Smith, E. E., Pokorny, S. B., & Slavin, R. E. (2013). The effects of juvenile justice programs on youth outcomes. Research Briefs. Retrieved from http://www.researchconnections.org