Part 1 Answer: The Module Review Questions Listed Bel 825911

Part 1 Answer The Module Review Questions Listed Below These Questio

Answer the Module Review Questions below. These questions are designed to demonstrate your understanding of key concepts in systems development and modeling, and to help you assess your progress. The questions involve contrasting fundamental terms used in Object-Oriented (OO) analysis and design, understanding model components like sequence diagrams, and the differences between object and data-driven development approaches.

1. Contrast the items in the following sets of terms:

• Object vs. Class: An object is an individual instance of a class, representing a specific entity with its own unique state. A class defines the blueprint or template for objects, specifying common properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods).
• Instance vs. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Entity: An instance refers to a specific occurrence of an object at a particular moment in time; an ERD entity represents a real-world concept or object as modeled in a database structure.
• Property vs. Method vs. Attribute: Property and attribute are often used interchangeably to describe characteristics of an object, such as color or size. A method is a function or behavior that an object can perform, representing an action or process.
• State vs. Behavior: State describes the current condition or data held by an object at a given time (e.g., a bank account’s balance). Behavior refers to the actions or functions that an object can perform, often influenced by its state.
• Superclass vs. Subclass: A superclass is a general class that provides common properties and methods. A subclass inherits from the superclass and can extend or specialize its features.
• Concrete class vs. Abstract class: A concrete class can be instantiated and used directly. An abstract class cannot be instantiated on its own and is intended to be subclassed, providing a common interface or shared functionality.
• Method vs. Message: A method is a function defined within a class. A message is a communication between objects requesting an action, often invoking a method.
• Encapsulation vs. Inheritance vs. Polymorphism: Encapsulation involves hiding internal details of an object. Inheritance allows new classes to derive properties and behaviors from existing classes. Polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their parent class rather than their actual class, allowing for dynamic method binding.
• Static binding vs. Dynamic binding: Static binding occurs at compile-time, where method calls are resolved before execution; dynamic binding occurs at runtime, supporting polymorphism and late method resolution.

2. How is the object approach different from the data and process approaches to systems development? And how can the object approach improve the systems development process?

The object-oriented approach differs fundamentally from traditional data and process-oriented approaches. Data and process approaches separate data structures and procedures, often leading to monolithic systems where data and functions are tightly coupled. In contrast, the object approach encapsulates data and behaviors within objects, promoting modularity, reusability, and maintainability.

Object-oriented development improves the systems development process by enabling more intuitive modeling of real-world entities, fostering code reuse through inheritance, and supporting polymorphism for flexible operations. These features simplify software design, reduce development time, and provide better mechanisms for managing system complexity. Furthermore, OO methodologies facilitate iterative development and easier updates, as objects can be modified or extended with minimal impact on existing code.

3. Describe the main building blocks for the sequence diagram and how they are represented on the model.

A sequence diagram visualizes interactions among objects over time. Its main building blocks include:

• Objects or Lifelines: Represented as vertical dashed lines, these are the participants involved in the interaction.
• Messages: Horizontal arrows between objects indicate method calls or communication flow. Solid arrows denote synchronous calls, while dashed arrows may indicate asynchronous messages.
• Activation Bars (Lifeline activation): Small rectangles on the lifeline indicate periods when an object is performing an operation.
• Conditions or Loops: Notations such as frames or brackets specify repeated interaction sequences or conditional logic.

4. Describe the steps used to create a sequence diagram.

1. Identify the scenario or process to model, including the sequence of interactions between objects.
2. Determine the involved objects or participants and depict them as lifelines across the top of the diagram.
3. Define the messages exchanged among the objects, including method calls, returns, or signals, and represent them with arrows along the timeline.
4. Specify activation periods indicating when objects are active or performing actions.
5. Add notes, conditions, or loops as needed to capture complex logic or repeated interactions.
6. Review the diagram for clarity, accuracy, and completeness, ensuring it reflects the intended interaction sequence.

Part 2: Module Practice

Draw associations with multiplicities according to the following business rules:

• A patient must be assigned to only one doctor, and a doctor can have many patients.
• An employee has one phone extension, and a unique phone extension is assigned to an employee.
• A movie theater shows at least one movie, and a movie can be shown at up to four other theaters.
• A movie either has one star, two co-stars, or more than ten people starring together. A star must be in at least one movie.

Drawing associations:

In an ER modeling tool or diagram, these relationships are depicted with lines connecting entity boxes, annotated with multiplicities:

• Patient — Doctor: 1 — * (One doctor to many patients)
• Employee — Phone extension: 1 — 1 (One extension per employee, each extension unique)
• Movie Theater — Movie: 1 — 1..4 (Each theater shows at least one movie; a movie can be at up to four theaters)
• Star/Co-star relationships: Appropriately noting that a star must be in at least one movie, with various cardinalities for co-star counts as appropriate.

Additional: Developing a Unit Test Plan

Develop a structured unit test plan for critical functions of a university’s library electronic database. The plan should include:

• Test case identifiers: Unique IDs for each test case.
• Test descriptions: Clear descriptions of the functions being tested, such as user login, search functions, checkout processes, and database updates.
• Input data: Specific inputs, including valid and invalid scenarios.
• Expected results: The correct system response for each test case.
• Execution steps: Precise steps to execute each test case.
• Acceptance criteria: Conditions to determine if the test passes or fails.

This plan ensures comprehensive testing of the most critical functionalities, helps identify defects early, and verifies system reliability.

References

• Ambler, S. W. (2002). The Object Primer: Agile Model Driven Development with UML 2.0. Cambridge University Press.
• Booch, G., Rumbaugh, J., & Jacobson, I. (2005). The Unified Modeling Language User Guide. Addison-Wesley.
• Fowler, M. (2004). UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language. Addison-Wesley.
• Jacobson, I. (1992). Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case Driven Approach. Addison-Wesley.
• Pressman, R. S. (2014). Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Rumbaugh, J., Jacobson, I., & Booch, G. (2004). The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual. Pearson.
• Shlaer, S., & Mellor, S. (1988). Object-Oriented Systems Analysis: Modeling the World in Data. Yourdon Press.
• Valacich, J., & Schneider, C. (2018). Modern Systems Analysis and Design. Pearson.
• Object Management Group. (2017). Unified Modeling Language (UML) Specification. OMG.
• Weiss, S. (2017). Software Development Fundamentals. Pearson.