Part 3 Assignment — Institutional History ✓ Solved

PART 3 ASSIGNMENT—INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY In this Part 3

In this Part 3 assignment, you will tell the story of an institution as a way to reveal the times in which it came into being, grew in importance and, where appropriate, declined. Begin with an introduction that lays out your thesis about the significance of this organization in history; a body of your essay, which tells the key events in the history of the organization; and a conclusion that sums up how the events in the body of the essay demonstrate your thesis. You may choose from the following institutions that were critical to the history of America in the second half of the 20th century and beyond:

• BLACK PANTHER PARTY—an African American political party and organization of the 1960s and 1970s
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY—a cabinet level branch of the federal government established in 1970
• MICROSOFT—a computer software corporation founded in 1975
• MORAL MAJORITY—a conservative evangelical organization founded in the 1970s
• NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN (NOW)—an advocacy organization founded in 1966

This paper should run 800-1,000 words in length. It should be footnoted in either MLA or Chicago style.

Paper For Above Instructions

The history of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a fascinating journey that encapsulates the environmental consciousness of America from the 1970s to the present day. Established amidst increased public awareness of pollution and environmental degradation, the EPA has played a pivotal role in the shaping of policies that aim to protect human health and the environment. This essay will explore the origins, growth, and significant events surrounding the EPA, ultimately arguing that the agency's evolution underscores the increasing recognition of environmental issues as central to American policy and public life.

Establishment of the EPA

In the 1960s, the United States experienced a surge in environmental awareness, driven by several critical events. Rachel Carson's seminal book, "Silent Spring," published in 1962, brought attention to the dangers of pesticides and their detrimental effects on wildlife. Similarly, the Cuyahoga River fire in 1969, a tragic incident stemming from high levels of pollution, galvanized public opinion and prompted protests for environmental reform. These events contributed to a nationwide call for federal environmental regulation.

Recognizing the pressing need for a unified approach to environmental issues, President Richard Nixon proposed the creation of the EPA in July 1970. The agency was officially established on December 2, 1970, primarily to consolidate numerous federal pollution control responsibilities. One of the key goals at the time was to restore and maintain the integrity of the nation’s air, water, and land.

The Growth and Significance of the EPA

The 1970s marked a significant period of growth for the EPA, as it implemented a variety of landmark environmental laws. The Clean Air Act of 1970 mandated the establishment of national air quality standards and made significant strides in addressing air pollution issues. Following this, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 aimed to eliminate or reduce the discharge of pollutants into US waters, and the Endangered Species Act of 1973 worked to protect threatened and endangered plants and animals.

Throughout the decade, the EPA expanded its regulatory power and public outreach. The agency actively engaged in public awareness campaigns, underscoring the importance of pollution control and environmental stewardship. It also emerged as a pivotal player in shaping the environmental movement, influencing public policy and private actions alike.

Challenges and Responses

As the EPA grew in stature and responsibility, it faced numerous challenges, including political pushback and budget constraints. The political climate shifted in the 1980s with the election of President Ronald Reagan, who advocated for deregulation and reduced government intervention. This led to funding cuts and changes to environmental policies, making it more difficult for the EPA to enforce regulations rigorously.

Despite these challenges, the EPA adapted by focusing on innovative approaches and technologies. For instance, it increased its emphasis on voluntary programs and collaborations with businesses to promote environmental practices without heavy-handed regulatory measures. This adaptation demonstrated the agency's resilience and commitment to its mission, even in the face of adversity.

Environmental Protection in the 21st Century

Entering the 21st century, the EPA has continued to play a vital role in addressing emerging environmental challenges, such as climate change. The release of the National Climate Assessment in 2014 highlighted the urgent need for diversified energy sources and policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The agency has also increasingly relied on science and technology to inform its decision-making, using data-driven insights to tackle contemporary issues.

One notable recent initiative is the Clean Power Plan, introduced in 2015, aiming to reduce carbon emissions from power plants. Although it faced legal challenges and was subsequently dismantled under the Trump administration, the plan illustrated the agency's ongoing efforts to adapt to new environmental challenges and public needs.

Conclusion

The Environmental Protection Agency's history is one of growth, adaptation, and resilience in the face of evolving environmental concerns and political challenges. By tracing its origins and significant milestones, it becomes evident that the EPA has been instrumental in advancing environmental policies that reflect the increasing importance of environmental issues in American society. The agency's ability to navigate challenges and embrace innovation reinforces the notion that effective environmental governance is essential for protecting public health and preserving the planet for future generations. Through this lens, the story of the EPA not only mirrors the environmental history of the United States but also underscores the ongoing struggle for sustainability and the recognition of our collective responsibility towards the environment.

References

• Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1962.
• US Environmental Protection Agency. "History of the EPA." EPA, 2020. [https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/history-epa](https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/history-epa).
• Leone, Mark. "The Role of the EPA in Environmental Issues." Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 16, no. 5, 2013, pp. 56-75.
• Environmental Protection Agency. "The Clean Air Act." EPA, 2021. [https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview](https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview).
• Environmental Protection Agency. "Federal Water Pollution Control Act." EPA, 2021. [https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-federal-water-pollution-control-act](https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-federal-water-pollution-control-act).
• US Fish and Wildlife Service. "Endangered Species Act." [https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/esact.html](https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/esact.html).
• Rosenbaum, Walter A. Environmental Politics and Policy. Congressional Quarterly Press, 2018.
• Graham, Jay. "The EPA and Climate Change Policy." Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 7, no. 3, 2017, pp. 123-134.
• McCarthy, Gina. "The Power of the EPA: Protecting Our Air and Water." Environmental Law Review, vol. 45, no. 4, 2016, pp. 341-367.