Part B Comprehensive Questions 20 Points 36a 1345 G Sample O

Part B Comprehensive Questions 20 Points36a 1345 G Sample Of A Co

Part B (Comprehensive Questions: 20 points) 36.A 1.345 g sample of a compound of barium and oxygen was dissolved in hydrochloric acid to give a solution of barium ion, which was then precipitated with an excess of potassium chromate to give 2.012 g of barium chromate, BaCrO₄. What is the formula of the compound? (4 points)

37.a. Phenol, commonly known as carbolic acid, was used by Joseph Lister as an antiseptic for surgery in 1865. Its principle use today is the manufacture of phenolic resins and plastics. Combustion of 5.23 mg of phenol yields 14.67 mg CO₂ and 3.01 mg H₂O. Phenol contains only C, H, and O. What is the percentage of each element in this substance? (2 points)

37.b. How many milliliters of 0.250 M KMnO₄ are needed to react with 4.40 g of iron(II) sulfate, FeSO₄? (Hint: Volumetric analysis). The reaction is as follows: 10FeSO₄ (aq) + 2KMnO₄ (aq) + 8H₂SO₄ (aq) → 5Fe₂(SO₄)₃ (aq) + 2MnSO₄ (aq) + K₂SO₄ (aq) + 8H₂O (l). (2 points)

38. Two compounds have the same composition: 85.62% C and 14.38% H.

a. Obtain the empirical formula corresponding to this composition.

b. One of the compounds has a molecular mass of 28.03 amu; the other, of 56.06 amu. Obtain the molecular formulas of both compounds. (4 points)

39.a. For the given aqueous reaction, write the molecular and net ionic equations, including phase labels: The neutralization of acetic acid by calcium hydroxide, both in aqueous solution. (2 points)

39.b. Balance the following oxidation-reduction reaction by the half-reaction method: FeI₃ (aq) + Mg (s) → Fe (s) + MgI₂ (aq). (2 points)

40.a. One step in the isolation of pure rhodium metal (Rh) is the precipitation of rhodium(III) hydroxide from a solution containing rhodium(III) sulfate according to the following balanced chemical equation: Rh₂(SO₄)₃ (aq) + 6NaOH (aq) → 2Rh(OH)₃ (s) + 3Na₂SO₄ (aq). What is the theoretical yield of rhodium(III) hydroxide from the reaction of 0.590 g of rhodium(III) sulfate with 0.366 g of sodium hydroxide? Show detailed work. (3 points)

40.b. Using questions 40a, calculate the percentage yield of rhodium(III) hydroxide, Rh(OH)₃; given that the actual yield of Rh(OH)₃ is 0.320 g.

Paper For Above instruction

This comprehensive analysis addresses multiple chemical problems ranging from empirical formula determination to stoichiometric calculations relevant to inorganic and organic chemistry. Each question requires detailed understanding and application of core chemical principles including molar calculations, reactions, and reaction balancing, emphasizing critical thinking and accuracy in chemical interpretation.

Introduction

Chemical analysis involves the identification and quantification of elements and compounds, which is fundamental to understanding material composition and reactivity. This paper systematically approaches each problem, utilizing principles such as molar mass calculations, reaction stoichiometry, empirical and molecular formula derivations, and reaction balancing techniques. The goal is to elucidate complex chemical interactions and provide accurate quantitative results that align with laboratory procedures and theoretical chemistry concepts.

Question 36: Determination of the Formula of a Barium Compound

A 1.345 g sample containing barium and oxygen was reacted to form barium chromate, BaCrO₄, upon precipitation with potassium chromate. The resulting BaCrO₄ weighed 2.012 g. Knowing that BaCrO₄ contains 137.33 g/mol Ba, 52.00 g/mol Cr, and 16.00 g/mol O, the molar mass sums to approximately 253.33 g/mol. To find the original compound formula, initial moles of Ba and the total compound were calculated considering stoichiometry and reaction means. The molar ratio of Ba to Cr to O indicates ratios simplifying to a form close to BaO, BaO₂, or other. Complete determination involves calculating the moles of Ba in the precipitate via the molar mass, then back-calculating the initial compound’s composition. The analysis suggests that the original compound might be a barium oxide or related compound, depending on the molar ratio

Question 37: Analysis of Phenol Composition and Reaction with Potassium Permanganate

Phenol is a simple aromatic compound with the molecular formula C₆H₆O, often expressed as C₆H₅OH. Combustion of phenol produced specific quantities of CO₂ and H₂O, which were used to determine its elemental composition. Calculations involved converting combustion products to moles, then to percentages based on their molar masses. The molar mass of phenol was deduced, revealing approximately 60% carbon, 5% hydrogen, and 35% oxygen, consistent with known compositions. The reaction with KMnO₄ involves oxidation of phenol’s hydroxyl group, illustrating typical redox behavior and stoichiometry.

Question 38: Empirical and Molecular Formula from Composition

A compound with 85.62% C and 14.38% H corresponds to a molar ratio of approximately 6.93:1, simplified close to 7:1, leading to empirical formula CH. For the molecular formula, the molar mass of 28.03 amu suggested a diatomic molecule (e.g., N₂) or similar, while the 56.06 amu corresponds to a doubled or larger molecule. The molecular formulas are thus derived by multiplying the empirical formula by factors fitting molecular masses, resulting in CH for the lighter compound and (CH)₂ for the heavier.

Question 39: Acid-Base and Redox Reactions

The neutralization of acetic acid by calcium hydroxide proceeds with proton transfer, producing acetate ions and calcium ions in solution. The molecular equation: CH₃COOH + Ca(OH)₂ → Ca(CH₃COO)₂ + H₂O. The net ionic form involves only the hydrogen ion and the hydroxide ion forming water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O. The oxidation-reduction reaction between FeI₃ and Mg involves oxidation of metallic magnesium to Mg²⁺ and reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe⁰. Proper balancing via half-reactions ensures conservation of electrons and appropriate stoichiometry.

Question 40: Rhodium Hydroxide Precipitation and Yield Calculations

The theoretical yield calculation starts with the molar amount of rhodium sulfate, converting 0.590 g to moles based on Rh₂(SO₄)₃ molar mass (~359.87 g/mol). Applying the stoichiometry of the balanced equation indicates two moles of Rh(OH)₃ per mole of Rh₂(SO₄)₃. The mass of insoluble Rh(OH)₃ produced can be computed from this mole ratio. The actual yield ratio yields the percentage yield, which measures efficiency of the process.

Conclusion

This comprehensive chemical analysis underscores the importance of quantitative methods, reaction understanding, and stoichiometry in characterizing compounds and reactions. Precise calculations and theoretical considerations enable insights into composition, reactions, and yields, fundamental to advancing inorganic and organic chemistry research and applications.

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