Philosophy Short Answer: Give Concise Identification Of The
Philosophyshort Answer Give Concise Identification Of The Following
Philosophy · Short answer . Give concise identification of the following, giving only sufficient but crucial information. 1. Epistemology is 2. Empiricism is the Philosophy of _________________ (a person) and it says ( define and give an example) 3. Give a modus ponens syllogism arguing for the Value of Knowledge. 4. Give disjunctive syllogism against Hume’s philosophy. 5. Define analytical definition and give an illustration. 6. Give a modus Tollens syllogism denying the value of Russell’s practical man philosophy 7. Red herring (define and give an example). 8. Delphi 9. Inductive logic. Define and give an example 10. Stipulative definitions. Define and give an example · Multiple choice. 1. The acquisition of knowledge requires A. True belief B. Certainty about the truth of ones belief C. That one is required to be sure of ones belief D. All of the above E. A and B F. None of the above 2. The argument form: “if Q;P, therefore Q” is A. Modus Tollens B. Invalid C. Modus ponens D. Disjunctive syllogism 3. A rational belief is such because A. It is a belief many people have B. It is a belief that is unusual and nobody has C. It is a belief that supports other beliefs D. It is a belief for which good reasons for believing can be given 4. To explore a belief is to A. Consider its truth B. Assume its truth and consider its logical connections with other beliefs. C. Consider its popularity with other people D. Consider it is false and consider the impact on one’s other beliefs 5. Which of the following argument fallacy is Petitio Principii. A. Ad hominem B. Straw man C. Begging the question D. Appeal to authority 6. Rene Descartes was a philosopher who A. Focused on interpreting dreams B. Searched for a foundational knowledge within himself C. Was a student of Socrates D. Was a man who prayed a lot · Write a brief essay discussion Epistemology . a) What is it? b) Define induction and Deduction as ways of knowing c) What is a priori and a posteriori reasoning? d) What is empiricism? e) How did Berkeley and Hume interpret their respective philosophies? f) How does feminine epistemology differ from Berkeley and Hume?
Paper For Above instruction
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, including its sources, limitations, and validity. It explores questions such as “What is knowledge?”, “How do we acquire it?”, and “What do we know?” This field is central to philosophy as it underpins discussions about truth, belief, and justification.
Induction and deduction are fundamental methods of acquiring knowledge. Deductive reasoning involves deriving specific conclusions from general premises logically contained within those premises. A classic example is: “All humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore, Socrates is mortal.” Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations, such as noticing the sun rises every morning and generalizing that it will do so tomorrow. While deduction guarantees the truth of conclusions if premises are true, induction does not; it only makes probable inferences.
A priori reasoning is knowledge or justification independent of experience, obtained through reasoning alone. For example, mathematical truths like “2 + 2 = 4” are considered a priori. A posteriori reasoning depends on sensory experience or empirical evidence, such as observing that “the sky is blue” based on visual perception. Both reasoning types form the basis of different epistemological approaches.
Empiricism emphasizes that knowledge primarily derives from sensory experience. Philosophers like John Locke and David Hume argued that the mind starts as a blank slate (tabula rasa) and that all knowledge is rooted in what can be observed and experienced. Hume, in particular, was skeptical about the certainty of knowledge and emphasized the limits of human understanding, especially regarding causality and the external world.
George Berkeley interpreted empiricism by proposing immaterialism, asserting that material substances do not exist independently of perceptions. For Berkeley, only minds and ideas exist, and reality consists of perceptions held by the mind of God. David Hume, meanwhile, emphasized empirical skepticism, focusing on how human perceptions only give us limited, subjective impressions rather than objective knowledge of the external world. Hume argued that many of our beliefs about causality and the self are habits of mind rather than logically certain.
Feminine epistemology offers a critique and expansion of traditional epistemology, emphasizing that knowledge is socially situated, constructed, and influenced by gender. It questions the neutrality and objectivity claimed by philosophers like Berkeley and Hume, arguing that women’s experiences, perspectives, and contexts must be considered. Feminist epistemologists critique the idea of “objectivity” in classical philosophy, highlighting that power relations and gender biases shape what is accepted as knowledge and how it is acquired.