Please Be Sure To Fully Address The Questions These Are Cons

Please Be Sure To Fully Address The Questions These Are Considered E

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Give a real life example from life experience which explains Classical Conditioning. Be sure to explain the conditioning sequence and identify the UCS, UCR, (NS – Neutral Stimulus), the CR, and the CS. Explain the processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery by using “real word examples”.

Explain how Bandura studied observational learning. Discuss what you believe are the effects of television and video games on behavior. Please be sure to cite an example of a movie or a video game to relate to this issue. Distinguish among the various schedules of reinforcement. Use other examples than provided with your online text to provide real-world examples.

Discuss what happened in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and explain how it violated ethical standards of research. Define structuralism and functionalism and the contributions of Wundt and James in the development of psychology. List and define the five major domains, or pillars, of contemporary psychology.

Imagine you work for a drug company that just created a medication to decrease anxiety in adults. Design an experiment using the appropriate research method that would allow you to best market your company's new pill. Incorporate and explain the double-blind method. Describe the strength and weaknesses of archival, longitudinal, and cross-sectional research. Explain what a correlation coefficient tells us about the relationship between variables and explain why correlation does not mean causation.

Paper For Above instruction

The assessment involves multiple foundational concepts in psychology, each requiring detailed understanding and application of course material. The paper will systematically address classical conditioning, observational learning, ethical standards in research, major psychological frameworks, reinforcement schedules, and research methodologies. By integrating real-life examples and critically analyzing studies and theories, the paper demonstrates comprehensive knowledge of psychological principles and their applications.

Classical Conditioning with Real-Life Example

Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural reflex through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. For example, imagine a person who has a pet dog that always responds to the sound of a bell by salivating. Initially, the Bell sounds are neutral (NS) with no response, but the dog's salivation is an unconditioned response (UCR) to the food (UCS). When the sound of the bell (NS) is repeatedly paired with the presentation of food (UCS), the dog begins to salivate at the sound alone. Over time, the bell becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the salivation in response to the bell is the conditioned response (CR). Generalization may occur if the dog salivates to similar sounds, while discrimination may occur if it only salivates to the specific bell tone. Extinction would take place if the bell is sounded repeatedly without food, leading to a decrease in salivation. Spontaneous recovery could occur if, after extinction, the dog responds again to the bell after a period of rest.

Processes of Classical Conditioning

Generalization involves responding to stimuli similar to the CS, such as the dog responding to different bells. Discrimination is learning to distinguish between stimuli so the dog only salivates to a specific tone. Extinction occurs when the CS is presented without the UCS repeatedly, leading to a reduction in the CR. Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of the CR after extinction, showing that the learned response has not been entirely erased, but merely suppressed.

Bandura and Observational Learning

Albert Bandura studied observational learning through his famous Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated that children imitate behaviors observed in models. Children who observed an adult aggressively hitting a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate the aggression themselves. This study highlighted that learning can occur through watching others, without direct reinforcement.

Impact of Television and Video Games

Television and video games can influence behavior through observational learning, especially when violent content is involved. For instance, violent movies like "Die Hard" or combat video games such as "Call of Duty" may normalize aggressive behavior or desensitize viewers to violence. Such exposure can lead to increased aggressive tendencies or reduced empathy among viewers, particularly children and adolescents. However, media can also have positive effects, such as promoting prosocial behaviors in some contexts.

Schedules of Reinforcement and Real-World Examples

Schedules of reinforcement describe how often a desired behavior is reinforced. Fixed-ratio schedules reinforce behavior after a set number of responses, such as a factory worker receiving a bonus after producing a certain number of units. Variable-ratio schedules provide reinforcement at unpredictable responses, like gambling on a slot machine. Fixed-interval schedules reinforce the first response after a fixed time, like monthly paychecks. Variable-interval schedules offer reinforcement at unpredictable times, such as random checking of emails. For example, social media 'likes' follow a variable-ratio schedule, encouraging frequent interaction.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Ethical Violations

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a notorious experiment conducted between 1932 and 1972 where African American men with syphilis were studied without their informed consent. The researchers withheld treatment to observe the disease’s natural progression, violating ethical standards for informed consent, beneficence, and justice. This study exemplifies unethical research as it caused harm, lacked transparency, and exploited vulnerable populations.

Structuralism, Functionalism, Wundt, and James

Structuralism, developed by Wilhelm Wundt, aimed to understand the structure of the mind by analyzing conscious experience through introspection. Functionalism, led by William James, emphasized the functions of mental processes and how they help individuals adapt to their environments. Wundt laid the foundation of experimental psychology, while James expanded psychological inquiry to include behavior and consciousness in everyday life.

The Five Major Domains of Contemporary Psychology

The five major domains include biological psychology (study of brain-behavior relationships), cognitive psychology (study of mental processes), developmental psychology (study of growth over the lifespan), social psychology (study of social interactions), and clinical psychology (diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders). Each domain provides a unique perspective on understanding human behavior.

Designing an Anxiety Medication Study

To assess the efficacy of the new anxiety medication, a randomized controlled trial using the double-blind method would be appropriate. Participants would be randomly assigned to receive either the medication or a placebo, with neither the participants nor the researchers knowing who receives which (double-blind). This design minimizes bias and ensures objectivity. Pre- and post-treatment anxiety levels would be measured using standardized assessments, such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7). The placebo effect can be controlled, increasing confidence that any observed changes are attributable to the medication.

Research Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses

Archival research involves analyzing existing data, which is cost-effective and less time-consuming but limited by the scope and accuracy of the data. Longitudinal studies track the same individuals over time, providing insights into development and causal inferences but are costly and susceptible to attrition. Cross-sectional research compares different groups at one point in time, offering quick results but lacking the ability to determine causality and temporal changes.

Correlation Coefficient and Causation

The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to +1. A value close to +1 indicates a strong positive relationship, while a value near -1 indicates a strong negative relationship. For example, a coefficient of 0.8 between hours studied and exam scores suggests a strong positive relationship. However, correlation does not mean causation; two variables might be related due to a third variable or coincidence. For instance, ice cream sales and drowning incidents are correlated during summer but one does not cause the other.

Conclusion

This comprehensive exploration of fundamental psychological concepts emphasizes the importance of ethical practices, scientific rigor, and critical analysis. Understanding classical conditioning, observational learning, research methods, and psychological theories enables a nuanced appreciation of human behavior. Applying these principles to real-world situations enhances practical understanding and ethical responsibility in psychological research and application.

References

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