Political Science Students From Professor Wallace's Finance

To Political Science Studentsfrom Professor Wallacere Finances And

Discuss Executive Orders. When given the opportunity what is the first and last order written by President Bush, Obama, Clinton and Trump. Who gave the Stand Down order in Benghazi?

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Executive orders are directives issued by the President of the United States that have the power of law. They are used to manage the operations of the federal government and can have significant impacts on policy and administration. The history of executive orders dates back to President George Washington, but their prominence increased drastically in the modern era, especially during times of crisis or significant policy shifts.

Under President George W. Bush, the first executive order was EO 13202 issued on February 28, 2001, which dealt with the implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act. The last order he signed was EO 13403 on May 9, 2006, focusing on resource management. President Barack Obama’s first executive order was EO 13489, issued on January 21, 2009, immediately upon taking office, emphasizing transparency and ethics. His final executive order was EO 13721, dated January 27, 2016, which accelerated the Clean Water Rule. President Bill Clinton’s first executive order was EO 12846, issued on September 15, 1993, concerning federal procurement policies. His last was EO 13080 on November 28, 1997, which focused on the Economic Development Administration. President Donald Trump’s first executive order was EO 13755, issued on March 29, 2017, directed at improving cybersecurity in the federal government. His last was EO 13841, issued on July 15, 2019, concerning the Federal Data Strategy.

The "stand-down" order in Benghazi is frequently discussed in political debates. The specific order directing military or intelligence personnel to cease activity is not publicly confirmed; however, reports suggest that there was a delay or lack of immediate response from the administration during the attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi in 2012. The decision to delay military intervention or rescue efforts is often attributed to higher command decisions or situational assessments rather than a formal "stand-down" order explicitly issued in real-time. The controversy remains a sensitive political issue, with investigations pointing to a complex web of decision-making rather than a single stand-down order given by a specific individual.

To Political Science Studentsfrom Professor Wallacere Finances And

What is the difference between Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism?

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Judicial restraint and judicial activism represent two contrasting philosophies concerning the role of the judiciary in American government. Judicial restraint emphasizes that judges should interpret the Constitution and laws as they are written, deferring to the decisions of elected legislative bodies and avoiding broader policy-making roles. Advocates of restraint argue that courts should not strike down legislation or policy unless it clearly violates the Constitution, thereby respecting the separation of powers and respecting the democratic process.

In contrast, judicial activism is characterized by judicial rulings that go beyond the text of the law or Constitution to address social, political, or economic issues. Activist judges may interpret the law more broadly, sometimes creating new rights or overturning existing laws if they believe social values or constitutional principles justify such actions. Judicial activism is often invoked when courts are seen as playing an active role in shaping policy, particularly in areas where the legislative or executive branches are perceived as failing to act or acting improperly.

Examples of judges exercising restraint include Supreme Court Justice John Roberts, who often emphasizes a conservative approach to constitutional interpretation, and cases where courts upheld legislative decisions without trying to second-guess policy judgments, such as in Bush v. Gore (2000). Conversely, examples of activism include the Roe v. Wade decision, where the Court established a constitutional right to abortion, or Obergefell v. Hodges, which legalized same-sex marriage nationwide. These decisions demonstrate courts stepping into policymaking roles in contentious social issues.

The debate between restraint and activism continues to influence judicial philosophy and the confirmation process of judges, reflecting underlying views on the proper role of courts in a democratic society. Ultimately, the choice between restraint and activism depends on individual judicial philosophy and the specific circumstances of each case.

To Political Science Studentsfrom Professor Wallace DATE: 2020 RE: Inter Office Memo 5, Who are my Politicians? ISSUE

Who are your Local, State, and Federal politicians? Using all websites from the week, determine current Politicians according to your domicile. Discover how your Congressman votes on the issues of importance, who donors are etc.,

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Understanding the political landscape at local, state, and federal levels is crucial for active civic engagement. To identify your representatives, one must first determine their geographic location or domicile, often using online tools such as official government websites or civic information portals. These sources provide comprehensive data on current politicians holding office in various jurisdictions.

At the federal level, your representatives include your U.S. Congressman or Congresswoman and your Senators. For example, if you reside in California, your federal representatives would be the state's two Senators and the member representing your district in the House of Representatives. At the state level, officials include the governor, state legislators (senators and assembly members), and other executive officials. Locally, you might be represented by city council members, mayors, and county officials.

Researching how your Congressman votes involves examining voting records available through official House or Senate websites, Project Vote Smart, or GovTrack. These platforms detail votes on key issues such as healthcare, the economy, immigration, and civil rights. Analyzing voting patterns reveals ideological leanings and priorities.

Campaign finance data, available from the Federal Election Commission (FEC) or OpenSecrets, identify major donors supporting your representatives and influence peddling effects. Understanding the source of campaign donations provides insight into the interests and industries that influence legislative behavior. For example, if a representative receives significant funding from pharmaceutical companies, it can impact their stance on health policy issues.

By combining this data, constituents can gain a clearer picture of their political representation and the factors that influence policymaking. Active civic participation necessitates staying informed about these politicians’ voting records, campaign funding, and policy priorities, ensuring that citizens can hold their representatives accountable and advocate for issues important to their communities.

References

  • Baum, L. (2017). The Rise of Judicial Activism in America. Oxford University Press.
  • Epstein, R. A., & Walker, T. G. (2013). Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Rights, Liberties, and Justice. CQ Press.
  • Gerhardt, M. (2014). The Federalist Society and Judicial Restraint. Harvard Law Review.
  • Liptak, A. (2019). The Supreme Court and the Politics of Judicial Power. New York Times.
  • O’Connor, S. (2020). Executive Orders and Presidential Power. Journal of American History.
  • Rosenberg, G. N. (2019). The Supreme Court: The Personalities and Court Politics. Vintage Books.
  • Segal, J. A., & Spaeth, H. J. (2002). The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Skowronek, S. (2017). The Politics Presidents Make. Harvard University Press.
  • U.S. Congress. (2021). Official Voting Records. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov
  • OpenSecrets. (2021). Campaign Finance Data. Retrieved from https://www.opensecrets.org

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