PowerPoint Presentation Will Be Based On The Topic Assign

He Powerpoint Presentation Will Be Based On The Topic Assigned To You

The PowerPoint presentation will be based on the topic assigned to you. Assignments will be posted in announcements during Week 1. If you cannot locate your assignment, contact your faculty. Your presentation must include the following headings:

  • Title Page
  • Pathophysiology of Assigned Disease
  • Definitions of the Two Assigned Drug Classes
  • Discussion of 4 Medications (2 drugs from each assigned drug class)
  • Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety/Monitoring, & Pregnancy/Lactation of the 4 Medications Discussed Earlier
  • Contraindications of the 4 Medications Discussed Earlier
  • Conclusions
  • References

The PowerPoint template titled Pharmacological - Management Project for you to use as a guide for the following assignments: Weeks 4, 6, 8, & 9 is located here.

Paper For Above instruction

The task involves creating a comprehensive PowerPoint presentation that thoroughly covers the assigned disease and its pharmacological management. This presentation should be structured systematically, beginning with an informative title page and progressing through detailed sections that encompass the pathophysiology of the disease, definitions of the drug classes involved, specific medications, and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, safety considerations, contraindications, and concluding remarks. Proper research and credible sources should underpin each part of the presentation to ensure accuracy and reliability.

Introduction

Effective pharmacological management of diseases requires a deep understanding of their underlying mechanisms, relevant drug classes, and specific medications. This presentation focuses on providing a comprehensive overview of a chosen disease, elaborating on its pathophysiology, and detailing two medication classes used in treatment, with two drugs from each class. Additionally, it covers critical aspects of these medications, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, contraindications, and considerations during pregnancy or lactation.

Pathophysiology of the Disease

Understanding the pathophysiology is fundamental to effective treatment. For example, if the assigned disease is hypertension, the pathophysiology involves complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and neurohormonal factors leading to increased peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac output. Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system contributes to vasoconstriction and fluid retention, raising blood pressure. Chronic hypertension damages blood vessels and organs like the heart, kidneys, and brain, leading to significant morbidity. Clarifying these mechanisms helps in selecting targeted pharmacological interventions tailored to interrupt these pathological processes.

Definitions of the Two Assigned Drug Classes

Based on the disease, two drug classes commonly used could include ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers. ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril and lisinopril, inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing the production of angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction. These drugs lower blood pressure and have renal-protective effects. Calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine and diltiazem, inhibit calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, leading to vasodilation and decreased cardiac workload. Precise definitions provide clarity on the mechanisms through which these drug classes exert their therapeutic effects.

Discussion of 4 Medications

From each drug class, two medications will be discussed. For ACE inhibitors: enalapril and lisinopril; for calcium channel blockers: amlodipine and diltiazem. Each medication’s indications, dosing, and unique properties will be explored. For example, enalapril is often used in heart failure and hypertension, with a dosing adjustment in renal impairment. Amlodipine, a long-acting dihydropyridine, is preferred for its once-daily dosing and efficacy in controlling blood pressure. Diltiazem, a non-dihydropyridine, also relieves angina and arrhythmias, offering different clinical benefits. This detailed comparison aids clinicians in selecting the appropriate medication per patient-specific factors.

Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety/Monitoring, & Pregnancy/Lactation

The pharmacokinetic profiles encompass absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of each drug. Enalapril, as a prodrug, is converted in the liver to enalaprilat, which is renally excreted. Amlodipine exhibits high bioavailability and is metabolized in the liver. Pharmacodynamically, these drugs alter physiological responses to produce desired antihypertensive effects. Safety monitoring includes blood pressure control, renal function tests, and electrolyte levels, especially potassium. During pregnancy and lactation, ACE inhibitors are contraindicated due to fetal renal damage, whereas calcium channel blockers like amlodipine are generally considered safe with caution.

Contraindications

Contraindications vary among these medications. ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis, and a history of angioedema. Calcium channel blockers may be contraindicated in severe hypotension, certain arrhythmias, or hypersensitivity. Recognizing these contraindications ensures safe prescribing and minimizes adverse effects.

Conclusions

This comprehensive review illustrates the importance of understanding disease pathophysiology and pharmacological options. Selection of appropriate medications hinges not only on efficacy but also on safety profiles, contraindications, patient-specific factors such as pregnancy status, and potential drug interactions. Effective management requires integrating pharmacological knowledge with ongoing patient monitoring to optimize outcomes and minimize adverse effects.

References

  • Brunton, L. L., Hilal-Dandan, R., & Knollmann, B. C. (2018). Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Katzung, B. G., Masters, S. B., & Trevor, A. J. (2019). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Chobanian, A. V., et al. (2003). The Seventh Report of The Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42(6), 1206–1252.
  • Whelton, P. K., et al. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(19), e127–e248.
  • Mehta, R. L., & Kellum, J. A. (2019). Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Illness: Mechanisms and Management. Critical Care Clinics, 35(1), 171–193.
  • Peters, S. A., et al. (2019). Management of Hypertension in Pregnancy. BMJ, 366, l5270.
  • Perazella, M. A. (2016). Medication-Related Causes of Acute Kidney Injury. Clinical Kidney Journal, 9(1), 80–91.
  • Winstock, A. R., & Earl, J. (2020). Calcium Channel Blockers: Uses and Adverse Effects. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives, 36(3), 122–127.
  • Anderson, P. A., et al. (2015). Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Amlodipine in Special Populations. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 54(3), 319–332.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2019). Hypertension in Adults: Diagnosis and Management. NICE Guidelines [NG136].

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