Prior To Beginning Work On This, Read The Chapter 10 Case St

Prior To Beginning Work On This Read The Chapter 10 Case Study Hai

Prior to beginning work on this, read the Chapter 10 case study, "Haitians, Stereotypes, and Tuberculosis," located in Chapter 10 (p.190) of the Social and Behavioral Foundations of Public Health textbook. There are many cultural differences in health beliefs, stigmas, and stereotypes between developing countries (e.g., Haiti, Malawi, Nepal) and developed countries (e.g., United States, France, Japan). Conduct research on tuberculosis in the United States. What are the social determinants of health related to tuberculosis in the United States? What are the biological determinants of health related to tuberculosis in the United States?

Use scholarly or government sources to support the information for both determinants. Conduct research on tuberculosis in one developing country of your choosing. What are the social determinants of health related to tuberculosis in the developing country chosen? What are the biological determinants of health related to tuberculosis in the developing country chosen? Use scholarly or government sources to support the information for both determinants.

Compare and contrast the different examples of stigma related to tuberculosis in the United States to examples in the developing country you chose. How do they differ? How are they similar? Use the Compare and Contrast Assignment Links to an external site. resources in the UAGC Writing Center for guidance. Assess how social and biological determinants identified in your research contribute to the perpetuation of stigmas you identified.

Recommend a course of action to reduce each stigma identified from your research for both the United States and your chosen developing country. Highlight a real-world public health example of a stigma reduction technique used in the United States and in your chosen developing country. The examples used for this question do not need to be on tuberculosis.

Paper For Above instruction

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, showcasing stark disparities in its social and biological determinants across different countries. Analyzing TB in the context of the United States and a chosen developing country, such as Nepal, offers insights into how varying social structures and biological factors influence disease prevalence and stigma. Understanding these determinants is crucial for devising effective public health strategies aimed at reducing TB incidence and associated stigmas.

Social and Biological Determinants of TB in the United States

In the United States, social determinants such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, housing conditions, and immigration status significantly influence TB rates. Individuals with lower income levels often face barriers to timely diagnosis and treatment due to limited healthcare access and financial constraints (CDC, 2020). Housing insecurity, overcrowded living conditions, and homelessness contribute to TB transmission (Keshavjee et al., 2018). Additionally, immigrant populations may experience language barriers and cultural stigmas that hinder healthcare utilization, thus increasing their vulnerability (Vasque et al., 2019).

Biologically, factors such as HIV co-infection and diabetes exacerbate susceptibility to TB infections in the U.S. population. HIV significantly impairs immune response, increasing the risk of progressing from latent to active TB (CDC, 2020). Diabetes impairs immune function as well, heightening vulnerability to active TB disease (Mestanza et al., 2021). These biological determinants may interact with social factors, amplifying disparities within marginalized communities.

Social and Biological Determinants of TB in Nepal

In Nepal, social determinants like poverty, malnutrition, limited healthcare infrastructure, and low awareness contribute considerably to TB prevalence. Poverty restricts access to adequate nutrition and healthcare services, promoting transmission and severity of TB (WHO, 2019). Malnutrition weakens immune responses, making individuals more susceptible (Shrestha et al., 2020). Rural populations often lack access to diagnostic and treatment facilities, leading to delayed diagnoses and ongoing transmission (Poudel et al., 2018).

Biologically, the high prevalence of HIV and the co-existence of other infectious diseases aggravate TB's impact in Nepal. HIV prevalence, though lower than in some African nations, still contributes to increased TB vulnerability among infected individuals (Chaparro et al., 2017). Additionally, genetic susceptibility and malnutrition-related immune suppression are biological factors that worsen TB outcomes in Nepalese communities.

Comparison of TB Stigma: United States vs. Nepal

Stigma surrounding TB manifests differently across the United States and Nepal but shares underlying themes of fear, shame, and social exclusion. In the U.S., TB stigma is often linked to misconceptions about contagion, which can lead to social isolation of diagnosed individuals, particularly among immigrant communities (Fennelly & Nardone, 2020). The media sometimes perpetuates stereotypes associating TB with marginalized groups, reinforcing social stigma and barriers to healthcare (Zhao et al., 2022).

Conversely, in Nepal, TB stigma is deeply rooted in poverty, caste, and cultural beliefs. Patients may be viewed as carriers of bad luck or moral failing, leading to discrimination, family ostracization, and delays in seeking treatment (Shrestha et al., 2020). The stigma often results in concealment of the disease, hindering timely intervention.

Despite these differences, both contexts see stigma as a barrier to effective TB control. Fear of social rejection discourages individuals from seeking care in both settings, thereby perpetuating transmission and worsening outcomes.

Determinants and the Perpetuation of Stigma

In the U.S., social determinants such as healthcare access disparities and cultural stereotypes contribute to stigma by fostering misinformation and societal fear. Biological factors like HIV co-infection further complicate perceptions, intensifying stigma due to associations with marginalized groups. In Nepal, poverty, cultural beliefs, and limited healthcare infrastructure reinforce stigma, often framing TB as a moral failing or curse. Biological vulnerabilities such as malnutrition and HIV co-infection amplify disease burden and stigma.

Recommendations for Reducing TB-related Stigma

In the United States, public health campaigns such as the CDC’s “Stop TB Partnership” have successfully used education to dispel myths about TB transmission, reducing stigma (CDC, 2019). Community engagement and culturally sensitive interventions targeting immigrant populations can foster trust and promote early treatment seeking. For example, involving community leaders in health promotion has shown promise in reducing stigma (Fennelly & Nardone, 2020).

In Nepal, integrating TB services into primary healthcare and employing community health workers to provide education has proven effective. A notable example is the Nepalese government’s “TB Care Project,” which utilizes local volunteers to raise awareness, combat stigma, and encourage timely treatment (Shrestha et al., 2020). Mass media campaigns that depict TB patients as curable and support reintegration into society have also helped reduce stigma.

Conclusion

Addressing TB stigma requires a multifaceted approach that considers social and biological determinants unique to each context. Strategies that have proven effective in the U.S., such as culturally tailored education campaigns, can be adapted for developing countries like Nepal by involving local communities and strengthening healthcare infrastructure. Ultimately, combating stigma is essential for improving TB diagnosis, treatment adherence, and overall disease control globally.

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019). The Stop TB Partnership. CDC TB Resources. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/annualreports/report2019/
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Tuberculosis (TB). https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm
• Chaparro, F., et al. (2017). TB and HIV co-infection in Nepal. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 62, 21-26.
• Fennelly, K., & Nardone, A. (2020). Addressing tuberculosis stigma in the US. Public Health Reports, 135(1), 9-17.
• Keshavjee, S., et al. (2018). Housing and tuberculosis transmission. Global Public Health, 13(7), 904-915.
• Mestanza, A., et al. (2021). Diabetes and tuberculosis susceptibility. Diabetes Care, 44(2), 382-390.
• Poudel, A., et al. (2018). TB healthcare access in Nepal. BMC Public Health, 18, 1177.
• Shrestha, G. M., et al. (2020). TB-related stigma and interventions in Nepal. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9, 123.
• Vasque, A., et al. (2019). Immigrant health and TB in the US. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21(3), 539-545.
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. WHO Publications.