Provide A Historical Timeline Of Homeland Security In 946412

Provide A Historical Timeline Of Homeland Security Incidentsevents N

Provide a historical timeline of homeland security incidents/events (natural and man-made) along with the call for improved preparedness, response and recovery needs that lead to the creation of NIMs and the NRF documents. Be sure to include each document's sphere of influence in emergency management and overarching reason for its creation.

Paper Submission Requirements: Your response should be 3-5 pages in length (double spaced). Paper must include a “reference page” not included in the 3-5-page minimum. Use APA format. Resources for Assessment: Textbook Reading: Introduction to Homeland Security, chapter 9 RESOURCES

Paper For Above instruction

The evolution of homeland security incident management has been driven by a series of significant events, both natural and man-made, that exposed the vulnerabilities in existing emergency response frameworks. A chronological review of these incidents reveals a pattern of increasing complexity and the corresponding development of comprehensive frameworks such as the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the National Response Framework (NRF). These documents have shaped the sphere of influence in emergency management by establishing standardized procedures, clear roles, and integrated strategies to enhance preparedness, response, recovery, and resilience.

Early Incidents and Foundations (Pre-2001)

In the aftermath of World War II, the United States recognized the importance of civil defense planning with incidents like the German bombing campaigns influencing emergency preparedness protocols. The Cold War era further emphasized threat management through agencies like the Federal Civil Defense Administration. These early efforts laid the groundwork for later, more coordinated systems.

The 1980s and 1990s saw more localized natural disasters such as Hurricane Andrew (1992) and the Oklahoma City bombing (1995). These events highlighted the necessity for regional coordination and prompted initial policy refinements in disaster response management.

The 2001 Terrorist Attacks and Homeland Security Reforms

The September 11, 2001 attacks marked a pivotal turn in homeland security, exposing the deficiencies in existing emergency response mechanisms to coordinated terrorist assaults. The attacks underscored the need for a unified command structure that could span multiple jurisdictions and agencies.

This necessity led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in 2002, consolidating multiple agencies under one umbrella to improve coordination and intelligence sharing. Simultaneously, the Homeland Security Presidential Directives and legislation fostered an integrated response approach.

Development of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)

In response to the 9/11 attacks, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed the National Incident Management System (NIMS) in 2004. NIMS was established to provide a consistent nationwide template that enables federal, state, and local agencies to work together effectively during incidents. Its core components include the Incident Command System (ICS), Multiagency Coordination Systems, and standardized communication protocols.

The sphere of influence of NIMS primarily involves incident command, resource management, and communications, aiming to standardize response efforts across all jurisdictional levels and types of incidents.

The Shift Toward Whole Community and Recovery—The NRF

Following NIMS, the National Response Framework (NRF) was introduced in 2008, replacing the National Response Plan. The NRF emphasizes a whole community approach, integrating nongovernmental organizations, private sectors, and community stakeholders into disaster response and recovery efforts.

The NRF provides a flexible, scalable incident response structure focused on the overarching needs of communities, emphasizing preparedness, mutual aid, and resilience. Its primary influence lies in guiding comprehensive and coordinated recovery efforts post-incident, ensuring the integration of different resources and sectors.

Influence and Overarching Reasons for These Documents

The sphere of influence of NIMS and the NRF reflects a shift toward collaborative, interoperable, and flexible emergency management strategies. NIMS facilitates effective incident command and resource management across jurisdictions, while the NRF promotes community resilience and recovery. Both aim to reduce the impact of disasters by ensuring agencies and communities are prepared to respond cohesively to threats, whether natural or man-made.

The overarching reason for their creation was to address lessons learned from past incidents—such as the September 11 attacks, Hurricane Katrina, and other crises—that revealed gaps in response coordination, resource management, and recovery efforts. These frameworks continue to evolve to meet emerging threats and ensure that preparedness and resilience are prioritized.

In conclusion, the development of homeland security incident management frameworks, notably NIMS and the NRF, has been driven by a series of incidents that exposed critical weaknesses in traditional emergency responses. Their influence provides a standardized and integrated approach to managing incidents, aiming to better protect communities and restore normalcy efficiently.

References

• Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2008). National Response Framework. Department of Homeland Security.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2004). National Incident Management System. Department of Homeland Security.
• Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D. P. (2021). Introduction to Homeland Security (6th ed.). Elsevier.
• Kapucu, N. (2008). Collaborating for Homeland Security: The Role of Interorganizational Networks. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 5(1).
• McEntire, D. A. (2010). Understanding Homeland Security: Foundations of Homeland Security Operations and Homeland Defense. Wiley.
• Scholtz, R. K. (2010). Homeland Security: Concept and Practice. Public Administration Review, 70(3), 464–473.
• Sparrow, M. (2008). Globalization and Homeland Security. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 628(1), 106–124.
• Waugh, W. L., & Tierney, K. (2007). Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government. ICMA Press.
• Wolensky, R. P., & Brown, L. M. (1994). Networks for Managing Disaster. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 2(2), 71–78.
• United States Department of Homeland Security. (2013). Quadrennial Homeland Security Review Report.