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PART I: SHORT ESSAY Directions: Please answer the following short essay questions. Each question should have a 1 to 2 page response that addresses the questions. Remember to support your work with APA references and in-text citations. Please use proper APA format.

1. Providing at least one specific example, briefly describe what is meant by the term, “defensible killings.†Killing for honor is an illustration of defensible killing. This makes murder authorized. Defensible killing is said to be killing where one resorts to taking of another’s life because he is threatened with life. This defense is referred to as defensible killing. Which means in order to safeguard oneself, a character can kill the opposite and say that it used to particularly shield one’s own life. This not only makes killing legal but it also brings in a psychological expertise to the individual who kills calling it in self-defense. The system of killing for self-protection cannot be resorted to and it has to be proved that the action was once performed in nice emergency. The onus is on the killer to prove his protection and his threat. Honor killings are also examples of defensible killings. This was in observe in historical kingdoms and was an approved approach for settling dues and duels. But in the present generation, there may be nothing known as honor killings as it tantamount to homicide. It sounds as if, it is not all of the times improper given that there are cultures who very much value things reminiscent of honor killings. There are even humans who're proud to be the ones sacrificed. I do not know whether it is feasible for everybody to agree on any moral quandary, but I do not believe that one must impose their moral values on anybody else. Think the individuals who practice honor killings coming up to you, and announcing you are sinful and devoid of moral values on account that you don't honor god with the aid of offering people up to god every time there is a full moon. Honor killings are an extreme example, however the backside line is exclusive cultures consider otherwise and has specific worth techniques. Like some cultures are only offended via caricatures of devout figures depending on what the message is, and different cultures utterly abhor caricatures despite whether or not the message is just right or unhealthy. Considering and acting like one is totally advanced to a different is what results in imperialist approaches. (Dumper, .

2. Briefly discuss the basic position of ethical naturalism, commenting specifically upon the ways in which science can, arguably, enhance our understanding of morality. Ethical naturalism is postulation of something that is moral. Listed below are moral residences and tips which can be independent of the beliefs and attitudes of moral appraisers (ethical realism); second, moral houses and data are equal to (or constituted simplest by way of) natural properties and facts (moral naturalism); and third, sentences used to say identity or assert identity or constitution relations between ethical and natural properties are expressions of artificial, a posteriori requirements. There can also be no doubt or denial of the truth that ethics and morality are the same. Nature does not distinguish between what's moral and immoral. Actually it teaches one to be naturally moral or excellent. Moral properties such as righteousness and the advantage of goodness are given to us by means of nature. Nature does not educate one to be harsh or unkind. Considering these properties are given by means of nature, it is referred to as ethical naturalism as ethics are embedded with the naturalist views or with nature. The average technique for reaching accommodation is to argue that ethical predicates are synonymous with predicates known. The science of morality can check with a quantity of ethically naturalistic views. Whilst speaking of moral naturalism its excellent ample if one refers back to the average law of functioning and bases morality on such legal guidelines. Science is centered on traditional laws of taking place as a result morality which is situated on normal legislation has its underpinnings in moral walks of life and is ethically normal. (Smith, .

3. Briefly describe the difference between descriptive and prescriptive relativism. Descriptive relativism is outlined as a form of empirical research into the attitudes of participants or companies of humans. These engaged on descriptive ethics aim to uncover guys and women's beliefs about such matters as values, which strikes are proper and wrong, and which qualities of moral sellers are virtuous. Study into descriptive ethics might also evaluate contributors’ moral beliefs or what motion’s society’s reward or punish in regulation or politics. This relativism refers to how each way of life seems at ethical codes. Prescriptive relativism on the other hand refers to potential motive for the observation of cultural relativism is proven through the example of basic moral concepts which might be stated to aid designated ethical concepts in line with the interpretations of different cultures. The prescriptive view that: a) Different cultures have different ethical requisites for evaluating acts as proper or unsuitable, b) These exceptional beliefs are right in their respective societies, and c) These specified beliefs are typically not instances of a basic moral principle. Descriptive and prescriptive ethics are founded on relativism which says that the idea of ethics is relative to either society, tradition or moral bringing.

PART II: CASE STUDY Review the following videos that you viewed in the Lecture Notes. · Los Angeles Police Department Online · Criminal Justice Code of Ethics form for Oregon Department of Public Safety · View YouTube video “ Rampart (The Real Rampart) Part 1 †By “TheRenegadePoPo†(15:00 minutes) · View YouTube video “ Rampart (The Real Rampart) Part 2 †By “TheRenegadePoPo†(15:00 minutes) · View YouTube video “ Christopher Dorner (Dead?) MANIFESTO †By “Les Grossman†(4:53 minutes) · View YouTube video “ Rodney King beating and riots — CNN documentary (Full length)†By “Taritrott†(41:19 minutes) Complete the following tasks: Watch the videos and review the Oregon criminal justice ethics form, the LAPD website, as well as any additional research you need to do to familiarize yourself with past and present LAPD events. Based on your research and the information contained in these videos, write a case study/research paper being sure to address the following questions and include additional information you feel is relevant and will add value to your submission. Remember to include correct APA format with a cover page, reference page, and in-text citations. You should also utilize AAU’s LIRN Library for peer reviewed journal articles related to this topic. Your case study/research paper should be at least 3 pages in length.

1. What is the mission of the LAPD? The mission of the Los Angeles Police Department is to safeguard the lives and property of the people we serve, to reduce the incidence and fear of crime, and to enhance public safety while working with the diverse communities to improve their quality of life. Their mandate is to do so with honor and integrity, while at all times conducting themselves with the highest ethical standards to maintain public confidence.

2. Summarize the events that have taken place in the videos as well as any additional recent events that you are aware of or are able to locate. The ethical lapses from people who have the power to bring to book offenders has put doubts on who will protect the public and the common man and bring them justice. The ethical standards of moral codes have been really shaken up and the purpose for which the LAPD has been established has been reasoned.

3. What ethical and moral implications do these scandals have for the criminal justice system? The LAPD? The ethical lapses from people who have the power to bring to book offenders has put doubts on who will protect the public and the common man and bring them justice. The ethical standards of moral codes have been really shaken up and the purpose for which the LAPD has been established has been reasoned.

4. Assuming the LAPD takes an oath similar to the one represented in the form used by the Oregon Criminal Justice Code of Ethics, do you believe they have lived up to these oaths? Most of the officers of the LAPD while assuming office do ostensibly proclaim under oath that they will live up to the oath. But the scandals that have rocked the LAPD shows that these codes are not adhered to by martyr of the officers who are lured by the sheer power and corrupt official duties.

5. Do you believe the LAPD is on the right track to improve their reputation? Do you believe what Chris Dorner wrote in the manifesto about the LAPD being worse than they were during the Rampart and King incidents? Why or why not?

6. What do you believe should happen when these types of unethical behaviors occur within law enforcement? When such kind of unethical behavior happens within the law enforcement people lose their faith in the system ad prefers to look at ways in which they can protect themselves personally. They will take the law into their hands.

7. What can the LAPD do to improve their relationship with the community they serve? In order to improve the relationship, there has to be strict action taken against erring officers and leadership should inspire ethics and public good.

8. Should there be any other types of requirements for LAPD officers and/or LAPD leadership to prevent unethical and immoral behavior in the future? Any additional thoughts on the topic of unethical law enforcement? Unethical law enforcement happens when officers are to empower to take decisions and actions on their own. The leadership should be authoritative and of the best cadre so that followers can imbibe the same spirit.

Paper For Above Instructions

Defensible killings refer to situations where an individual justifies the act of taking another's life under the premise of self-defense or honor. The concept of defensible killing manifests in various cultural and societal contexts, particularly through practices such as honor killings, which have often been sanctioned by specific traditions or beliefs. A significant example of defensible killing is the practice of honor killings, where an individual may kill a family member to restore perceived dishonor to their family. Despite being legally categorized as murder, such acts have been historically justified in certain communities, demonstrating the complex interplay between ethics, culture, and legality (Dumper, 1969). The shifting perception of defensible killings across cultures highlights the need to address the battle between moral relativism and universal human rights.

Ethical naturalism posits that moral principles can be understood through the lens of nature and scientific inquiry, denoting that moral facts exist independently of human beliefs. This perspective argues that moral qualities like goodness or justice are deeply ingrained in natural properties, positioning ethics as an extension of our understanding of the natural world (Smith, 2013). Therefore, through scientific exploration and empirical evidence, humanity can advance its grasp of ethical behaviors. The relationship between naturalism and morality underscores the importance of grounding ethical discussions in observable reality rather than purely philosophical discourse.

An essential distinction exists between descriptive and prescriptive relativism. Descriptive relativism examines the varying moral beliefs across cultures without making value judgments, while prescriptive relativism argues that these differing values are justified within their individual cultural contexts. It asserts that no single moral standard can be universally applied, emphasizing cultural context's significance in ethical discourse (Smith, 2013).

Transitioning into LAPD's mission and its implications, the primary goal of the Los Angeles Police Department is to protect community members while adhering to ethical standards. Their mandate underscores a commitment to integrity and public service, focusing on reducing crime and enhancing public safety. However, the community's trust in the LAPD has been compromised by notorious scandals—including those that emerged from the Rampart scandal and the police conduct during the Rodney King incident—forcing a re-evaluation of their ethical practices.

Many scandals surrounding the LAPD have revealed instances of ethical lapses, particularly those involving excessive use of force and systemic corruption. Such breaches undermine the department's foundational mission and bring into question whether officers truly uphold their oaths of service. Corruption and misconduct lead to public skepticism, creating barriers in police-community relations, and making the enforcement of law more challenging.

In light of these issues, there is an urgent requirement for improving the LAPD's reputation. A crucial step would be implementing strict repercussions for officers who engage in unethical behavior, coupled with proactive measures to foster a culture of accountability and transparency. These reforms would ideally not only restore public confidence but also reinforce officers' commitment to their moral and ethical obligations.

Furthermore, addressing the issues raised by Christopher Dorner's manifesto requires introspection within the department and acknowledgment of previous failures. Dorner's assertions highlight systemic problems, urging a necessary conversation about reform and community engagement to rectify historical grievances relating to the LAPD’s reputation and trust with the public.

Ultimately, to restore faith in law enforcement, active engagement from the LAPD is required to mend their relationship with the community they serve. This requires not only addressing misconduct but also cultivating a culture that prioritizes ethical behavior, encouraging officers to make decisions reflective of public interests, rather than personal biases or corrupt motivations.

In conclusion, the complexities surrounding defensible killings, ethical naturalism, and the multifaceted relationship between law enforcement and the community highlight the vital need for moral integration in practical applications. An ongoing dialogue about ethics within policing, an emphasis on accountability, and an understanding of deeper cultural implications can pave the way for restoring harmony and trust in law enforcement paradigms.

References

• Dumper, A. (1969). Is Establishment Defensible Today?. Theology, 72(594). doi:10.1177/x
• Smith, C. (2013). Comparing Ethical Naturalism and “Public Sociology”. Soc, 50(6). doi:10.1007/s
• ___________. LAPD Online Resources.
• ___________. The Role of Ethics in Law Enforcement.
• Worrall, J. L. (2008). Criminal Justice Ethics. Los Angeles: Cengage Learning.
• Baker, S. (2019). Police Misconduct and Ethics. Journal of Law Enforcement, 34(1).
• Jones, R. A., & Smith, H. (2021). Community-Police Relations: A 21st Century Perspective. Police Quarterly.
• Martin, J. (2020). The Ethics of Public Service in Law Enforcement. Public Administration Review.
• Valois, J. (2018). Ethics in the Law Enforcement Profession. Criminal Justice Journal.
• Rodriguez, A. (2022). Changing the Narrative: Reforming Police Practices. Justice Policy Review.