Question 1: Briefly Describe The Three Types Of Processor Sc

Question 1briefly Describe Thethree Types Of Processor Schedulingque

QUESTION 1: Briefly describe the three types of processor scheduling.

QUESTION 2: What is the difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling? There is a currently running process and a new process arrives. The OS moves the currently running process to the Ready state. What kind of scheduling policy is the OS’s selection function used for this case?

QUESTION 3: You were given five processes with their arrival time and execution time for each in the table. Process Arrival time Execution time Processes A 0 4 Processes B 2 3 Processes C 3 4 Processes D 5 5. Develop the schedule (time diagram) for the following methods. First-Come-First-Served (FCFS), Round Robin, Shortest Process Next (SPN). Assume the length of the time quantum, or slice is 1 (q=1).

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

Processor scheduling is a fundamental aspect of operating systems (OS) management that determines the order in which processes access the CPU. Effective scheduling enhances system responsiveness, resource utilization, and throughput. This paper discusses the three primary types of processor scheduling, the differences between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling, and models the scheduling for a set of processes using FCFS, Round Robin, and SPN algorithms, based on given process data.

Types of Processor Scheduling

Processor scheduling strategies are classified into three main types: long-term, short-term, and medium-term scheduling. Each type plays a unique role in process management:

  1. Long-term Scheduling: This scheduling determines which processes are admitted into the system for processing, controlling the degree of multiprogramming. It regulates the ratio of processes in the ready and waiting states. The long-term scheduler, or job scheduler, ensures a balanced flow of processes into the system, affecting overall system load.
  2. Short-term Scheduling: Also known as CPU scheduling, this type manages the selection of processes from the ready queue to execute on the CPU. It operates frequently, typically multiple times per second, making real-time decisions about which process to run next, directly impacting the system's responsiveness.
  3. Medium-term Scheduling: This scheduler temporarily removes processes from memory (swapping out) to reduce active process count, and later brings them back (swapping in). It helps manage CPU and memory resources effectively, especially under high load, balancing the system's performance and responsiveness.

Understanding these three types is crucial for efficient OS design, ensuring processes are executed in an optimal sequence based on system policies and workload demands.

Preemptive vs. Non-Preemptive Scheduling

The fundamental difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling lies in process control and responsiveness. Preemptive scheduling allows the operating system to interrupt and suspend a currently running process to start or resume another. This means that high-priority processes can preempt lower-priority ones, thus improving response times and system responsiveness. For example, in real-time systems, preemptive scheduling is vital to meet deadlines.

In contrast, non-preemptive scheduling does not interrupt a running process; a process continues until it voluntarily releases control of the CPU, either by completing or waiting for I/O. While simpler to implement and less prone to certain types of conflicts, non-preemptive scheduling can lead to issues such as priority inversion and increased wait times for high-priority processes.

The scenario described—where an OS moves the current process to the ready state upon the arrival of a new process—is characteristic of preemptive scheduling. The selection policy used is typically preemptive, specifically preemptive priority scheduling or round-robin (if time slices are involved). These policies enable the OS to interrupt the current process to allocate CPU time to newly arrived processes, ensuring fairness and responsiveness.

Scheduling Methods and Process Scheduling

Given Data

  • Process A: Arrival time = 0, Execution time = 4
  • Process B: Arrival time = 2, Execution time = 3
  • Process C: Arrival time = 3, Execution time = 4
  • Process D: Arrival time = 5, Execution time = 5

1. First-Come-First-Served (FCFS)

FCFS scheduling executes processes in the order they arrive. The timeline for these processes would be as follows:

  • Process A: 0-4
  • Process B: 4-7
  • Process C: 7-11
  • Process D: 11-16

The Gantt chart would depict this sequence, illustrating non-preemptive execution, as shown below:

| A | A | A | A | B | B | B | C | C | C | C | D | D | D | D | D |


0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16

2. Round Robin (Quantum = 1)

Round Robin scheduling cycles through processes in the order of arrival, allocating each process a fixed time slice (quantum) of 1 unit. The timeline becomes a series of context switches:

  • 0-1: A
  • 1-2: A
  • 2-3: A, B (B arrives at 2)
  • 3-4: A, B, C (C arrives at 3)
  • 4-5: B, C, A (A's remaining time), D (arrives at 5)
  • and so forth, continuing in cycles until all processes complete.

Since quantum is 1, the process becomes extensive with many context switches, but the overall execution order reflects the fairness of time distribution. The approximate time sequence would be similar to:

| A | B | C | A | B | C | A | D | D | D | D | D |


0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16

This scheduling ensures that each process receives CPU time in rotation, promoting responsiveness, especially in interactive systems.

3. Shortest Process Next (SPN)

SPN scheduling always selects the process with the shortest remaining execution time from the ready queue at each decision point. Based on process data, the sequence would be:

  • At time 0: Process A (remaining time 4)
  • At time 2: Process B (remaining time 3) arrives; A is still executing, so it continues.
  • At time 4: Complete A; now, processes B (3) and C (4) are available. B has shorter remaining time, so it executes next.
  • At time 7: Process B finishes; remaining processes: C (4), D (5). C is next shortest, so it executes then D.

The Gantt chart for SPN scheduling resembles:

0-4: A


4-7: B


7-11: C


11-16: D

This scheduling minimizes average waiting time but can lead to process starvation if shorter processes keep arriving, which should be managed cautiously.

Conclusion

In summary, processor scheduling techniques significantly influence the efficiency and responsiveness of operating systems. The three primary types—long-term, short-term, and medium-term scheduling—coordinate process admission, execution, and swapping. Preemptive scheduling enhances system responsiveness by allowing interruptions of process execution, whereas non-preemptive scheduling simplifies process management at the expense of potential delays. Examining specific process data through FCFS, Round Robin, and SPN algorithms demonstrates the diverse impacts of scheduling policies on process execution order and system performance. Proper selection and implementation of scheduling strategies are vital for optimizing system functionality and user satisfaction.

References

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