Question 1: Do A Bit Of Research On JSON And AJAX. How Do Th ✓ Solved

Question 1. Do a bit of research on JSON and AJAX. How do th

Question 1. Do a bit of research on JSON and AJAX. How do they relate to the Same-Origin policy? Using WORD, write several short paragraphs on each. A total of WORDS.

Question 2. Use the Web to search for methods to prevent XSS attacks. Write a brief description of more than one method. Use your own words and supply references. Post between 200 and 300 words.

Question 3. Answer each question with a paragraph containing at least five sentences. Include the question and number your answers accordingly. a) Why is intellectual property entitled to legal protection? c) What is the Fair Use doctrine? d) Make an argument for legalizing the copying of music or software. e) Do I or don't I own the books on my Kindle? If I own them, why can't I transfer them? If I don't own them, what is my legal right to them? f) What was the 1984 Sony Supreme Court case about? g) Was Napster responsible for the actions of its users? h) Why did the court find in favor of Diamond in the Rio case? i) What is Digital Rights Management?

Question 4. Watch the Movie War Games from 1983. According to the New York Times , this movie had a tremendous effect on President Ronald Reagan. Discuss in 500 words your opinion on whether it should be required viewing in social studies classes in high school. Do not repeat the story. Discuss its use in school. Use at least three sources. Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks and cited in-line by reference to your reference list. Example: "words you copied" (citation). These quotes should be one full sentence not altered or paraphrased. Cite your sources using APA format. Use the quotes in your paragraphs.

Paper For Above Instructions

Answer to Question 1: JSON, AJAX, and the Same-Origin Policy

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans to read and for machines to parse. AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a web development technique that uses JavaScript to send HTTP requests to a server and update parts of a web page without a full reload. When AJAX requests load data from a different origin, the browser’s Same-Origin Policy (SOP) restricts how that data can be accessed by the client script. The SOP requires that scripts running on a page from one origin cannot read responses from a different origin unless explicit permission is granted by the target server. In practice, this means that cross-origin data fetching with JSON generally requires the server to enable Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) headers or the use of a permissive proxy. Historically, techniques like JSONP attempted to bypass SOP by using script tags, but modern security practices favor CORS and proper server-side configuration. In short, JSON provides the data format, AJAX handles asynchronous requests, and SOP governs how cross-origin data can be read and used, with CORS as the standard mechanism for legitimate cross-origin access.

References to support this understanding include authorities on the SOP and CORS, data formats, and how JSON is transported in web applications. For JSON, see Crockford’s overview of JSON as a data-interchange format. For SOP and cross-origin access, see MDN Web Docs’ explanations of the Same-origin Policy and of CORS, as well as the W3C’s formal CORS specification. These sources collectively explain how cross-origin requests are controlled, when JSON data can be read, and what developers must configure on servers to permit cross-origin access.

Answer to Question 2: Methods to Prevent XSS Attacks

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities arise when attackers inject malicious scripts into web content that other users view. A robust defense includes input validation and output encoding, ensuring user-supplied data is treated as data rather than executable code. Contextual encoding (escaping characters appropriate to HTML, attribute, JavaScript, or URL contexts) minimizes the risk of injected scripts executing in the browser. A second line of defense is the use of a Content Security Policy (CSP) to restrict the sources from which scripts can be loaded and to enable reporting of violations. In addition, implementing secure coding practices with libraries that automatically sanitize and escape user input reduces risk. Using HttpOnly and Secure cookies helps prevent session hijacking via client-side scripts. Frameworks that provide built-in XSS protections (e.g., React’s escaping or Angular’s sanitization) should be favored, and trusted sanitization libraries (like DOMPurify) can be applied to untrusted content before rendering. Ongoing security testing, such as automated scanning and manual code reviews, should accompany these defenses to identify new weaknesses as applications evolve.

References support the practical, defense-in-depth approach to XSS prevention. OWASP maintains a comprehensive XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet outlining concrete steps like input validation, output encoding, CSP, and safe data handling. MDN and other vendor documentation describe CSP and secure handling of user input. Together, these sources offer actionable guidance for developers to reduce XSS risk in modern web applications.

Answer to Question 3: Intellectual Property, Fair Use, and Related Topics

a) Why is intellectual property entitled to legal protection? Intellectual property (IP) protection serves several purposes: it provides incentives for creators by granting exclusive rights to benefit from their work, promotes innovation and investment, and helps ensure creators can monetize their efforts. The rationale rests on balancing the rights of creators with the public interest in access to knowledge and culture. Legal protection also signals the value of creative effort and supports ongoing contributions to science, art, and technology. Jurisdictions typically articulate these goals through copyright, trademark, patent, and related regimes, each addressing different forms of creative or innovative output. Copyright, in particular, aims to reward original expression and to enable authors to control use, distribution, and adaptation of their works for a period of time. (Copyright Office; Fair Use overview)

c) What is the Fair Use doctrine? Fair Use provides a limited exception to copyright protection for purposes such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. The doctrine weighs factors like the purpose and character of the use (including whether it is commercial or educational), the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality of the portion taken, and the effect of the use on the market for the original work. Courts assess these factors on a case-by-case basis, aiming to allow transformative or non-commercial usage that does not substitute for the original. (Copyright Office; Fair Use overview)

d) Make an argument for legalizing the copying of music or software. A cautious argument hinges on promoting access, education, and innovation while ensuring fair compensation through reasonable licensing and revenue-sharing models. If copying were legalized under clearly defined conditions or accompanied by robust licensing ecosystems, consumers could study, remix, and build upon works without unnecessary legal risk. Proponents argue that well-designed fair-use-like regimes for digital media can reduce illegal distribution, encourage creativity, and foster competition that ultimately benefits creators and society. Critics worry about undermining creators’ incentives, so any legalization would need safeguards such as residuals, attribution, and transparent usage metrics. (Copyright Office; Fair Use overview)

e) Kindle ownership and transfer rights. When you purchase or license digital content through Kindle, you generally acquire a license rather than full ownership of the digital file. This license often restricts copying, transferring, or exporting the content to other devices or accounts. The licensing terms explain why transferring may be limited or prohibited, depending on provider policies and technical protections. If you do not own the content outright, your rights are typically constrained by the license agreement and applicable law, which may permit personal use but restrict redistribution or format-shifting. In some cases, publishers offer options to re-download or authorize devices within the same account; in others, geolocation or digital rights management (DRM) constraints may apply. (Copyright Office; Digital Licensing; Kindle Terms of Use)

f) What was the 1984 Sony Supreme Court case about? The 1984 case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. addressed whether consumer use of home recording devices (the "VCR") to record television programs for personal use constitutes infringement. The Supreme Court held that such time-shifting for home use is not contributory infringement because the devices themselves are generic and capable of substantial non-infringing uses. The decision established a key precedent—that a product with substantial legitimate uses cannot be held liable solely for possible infringing uses by consumers. (Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 1984)

g) Was Napster responsible for the actions of its users? In early cases, the service’s liability hinged on whether it contributed to or facilitated infringement. The courts ultimately found that Napster had liability for facilitating direct infringement by its users due to the platform’s central role in enabling file-sharing of copyrighted music. This responsibility contributed to broader questions about how service providers should regulate user activity and respond to infringement notices. (A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 9th Cir. 2001)

h) Why did the court find in favor of Diamond in the Rio case? The Rio case (Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc.) involved Diamond’s Rio portable MP3 player. The court favored Diamond by treating the device as a general-purpose tool rather than a device primarily designed for copyright infringement. The decision reflected the principle that technology with legitimate uses should not be automatically condemned simply because it can be used to infringe. The court thus did not hold Diamond liable as a contributory infringer under the circumstances. (Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 1996)

i) What is Digital Rights Management? Digital Rights Management (DRM) encompasses technologies and policies that control access to, copying, and printing of digital content. DRM aims to prevent unauthorized distribution and copies while enabling licensing and usage restrictions set by rights holders. Critics argue DRM can limit legitimate consumer rights and interoperability, whereas supporters contend it helps sustain creators’ incentives in the digital economy. (Britannica; DRM overview)

Answer to Question 4: WarGames and Its Educational Use

WarGames (1983) has long been cited as a cultural touchstone that influenced public perception of computer technology and national security. The film dramatizes how a seemingly innocent game could escalate to a global crisis, shaping discussions about cybersecurity, strategic decision-making, and political leadership. In educational settings, this film could serve as a conversation starter about ethics in technology, risk assessment, and the early history of computer networks. While the film presents a narrative, teachers may frame it to highlight real-world policy developments, such as crisis management, misperception in decision-making, and the importance of robust digital infrastructure. In considering whether it should be required viewing, it is important to balance cinematic storytelling with today’s more informed understanding of cybersecurity, data governance, and contemporary threats. This framing can help students connect historical fiction to modern policy debates and technological literacy.

Quotes from the film and reliable commentary illustrate its impact. "Shall we play a game?" (WarGames, 1983). "The only winning move is not to play." (WarGames, 1983). "A strange game." (WarGames, 1983). These lines underscore themes of strategic risk, the limits of automated decision-making, and the potential consequences of interconnected systems. Such lines can prompt discussions about risk assessment, ethical considerations in automation, and the role of human oversight in an increasingly automated world. In addition to film content, reputable reporting on the film’s reception—such as contemporary coverage in The New York Times—helps frame its historical significance for students studying Cold War-era policy and technology.

In implementing WarGames as a teaching tool, educators should incorporate at least three sources to provide context, including primary media (the film), contemporary journalism (e.g., The New York Times), and scholarly or industry analyses of cybersecurity history. A suggested approach is to pair the film with a discussion of how early computer networks and cyber threats shaped policy, followed by modern case studies on cyber operations, risk management, and digital ethics. Students can compare the film’s depiction of a computer-driven crisis with real-world incidents, explore how policy responses evolved, and assess the role of human judgment in preventing catastrophic outcomes. This approach aligns with standards for media literacy, critical thinking, and digital citizenship, while acknowledging the film’s historical influence on public discourse about technology and security.

References

1. Crockford, D. (2006). The JSON Data Interchange Standard. json.org. Retrieved from http://www.json.org
2. Mozilla Foundation. (2024). Same-origin policy. MDN Web Docs. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Same-origin_policy
3. Mozilla Foundation. (2024). Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS). MDN Web Docs. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS
4. OWASP. (2021). XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet. OWASP. Retrieved from https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/XSS_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html
5. Mozilla Foundation. (2023). Content Security Policy (CSP). MDN Web Docs. Retrieved from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP
6. Copyright Office. (n.d.). Copyright basics. Retrieved from https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq5.html
7. Copyright Office. (n.d.). Fair use. Retrieved from https://www.copyright.gov/fair-use/
8. Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984).
9. A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001).
10. Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 82 F.3d 510 (9th Cir. 1996).