Question 1 In A Network With An 8-Layer Architecture And Pro

Question 1in A Network With An 8 Layer Architecture And Protocol Hiera

Question 1 in a network with an 8-layer architecture and protocol hierarchy, applications generate messages of length M bytes. Assuming each layer has a different header size: 20-byte, 20-byte, 20-byte, 100-byte, 30-byte, 20-byte, 40-byte, and 150-byte for Layers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 respectively: What fraction of the network bandwidth is filled with headers? Please show your calculations and briefly explain. Question 2 The performance of a network application is influenced by two major network characteristics: the bandwidth of the network (number of bits per second that the network can transport) and the latency (the delay experienced by a bit travelling over the network). Identify the requirements of the following applications in terms of bandwidth and latency, and then give an example of a specific network technology that is suitable to use for each of these applications: File transfers between Melbourne and Germany Video streaming to a large remote area with many users near Broome, WA Connecting a large number of real-time low data transmission requirement sensors for critical event notification such as a set of sensors in a house or car Transferring a large file from local computer to a local server.

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

In modern networking, understanding the structure of network protocols and their impact on bandwidth utilization is crucial. The protocol stack, commonly implemented in layered architectures such as the OSI model, comprises multiple layers, each adding specific headers to facilitate communication. This paper analyzes an 8-layer protocol hierarchy, calculates the fraction of bandwidth consumed by headers during data transmission, and assesses key network requirements for various applications based on bandwidth and latency considerations. Corresponding suitable network technologies are also discussed for each application scenario.

Part 1: Bandwidth Utilization in an 8-Layer Protocol Architecture

The core task involves calculating what proportion of total transmitted data is consumed by protocol headers. Given:

- Application message size: M bytes

- Header sizes per layer:

- Layer 1: 20 bytes

- Layer 2: 20 bytes

- Layer 3: 20 bytes

- Layer 4: 100 bytes

- Layer 5: 30 bytes

- Layer 6: 20 bytes

- Layer 7: 40 bytes

- Layer 8: 150 bytes

The total header size per message can be summed as:

Total Header Size = 20 + 20 + 20 + 100 + 30 + 20 + 40 + 150 = 400 bytes

The total payload (including headers in total transmission) is the message plus headers:

Total Data Transmitted = M + 400 bytes

The fraction of bandwidth filled with headers is:

Header Fraction = Total Header Size / Total Data Transferred = 400 / (M + 400)

For example, if M = 1000 bytes:

Header Fraction = 400 / (1000 + 400) ≈ 0.2857 or 28.57%

This indicates approximately 28.57% of the network bandwidth is occupied by headers in this scenario. As message size increases, the header overhead becomes less significant, whereas for small message sizes, headers can consume a substantial portion of bandwidth.

Part 2: Network Performance Requirements for Different Applications

The performance of network applications hinges heavily on two key characteristics: bandwidth and latency. Each application has unique demands:

- File transfers between Melbourne and Germany:

- Requirement: High bandwidth due to large file sizes; moderate latency acceptable.

- Suitable Network Technology: Utilize high-speed long-haul connections like fiber-optic networks (e.g., Trans-Pacific submarine cables) that offer multi-gigabit capacities.

- Video streaming to remote areas near Broome, WA:

- Requirement: Moderate to high bandwidth to handle high-definition streams; low latency for smooth playback.

- Suitable Network Technology: Broadband internet via fiber or LTE/5G networks that ensure consistent throughput.

- Critical sensors with low data transmission:

- Requirement: Very low latency to detect and respond swiftly; minimal bandwidth needs as data is sparse.

- Suitable Network Technology: Low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN) such as LoRaWAN or NB-IoT designed for low data rates and quick transmission.

- Large file transfer within a local network:

- Requirement: Very high bandwidth; latency is less critical.

- Suitable Network Technology: Gigabit Ethernet or fastest available local area network (LAN) technologies like 10GbE.

Discussion

Efficient network design must balance bandwidth and latency according to the application's unique needs. Large data transfers benefit from high capacity links, while real-time sensor data prioritizes low latency over bandwidth. Technologies such as fiber optics and 5G are versatile for high throughput, while LPWANs and Ethernet are tailored for low latency or high-speed local transfers, respectively. Understanding these requirements enables better infrastructure planning and optimal resource utilization across diverse applications.

Conclusion

Analyzing protocol header overhead highlights the importance of message size in bandwidth efficiency. Moreover, matching network technologies to application demands ensures effective communication performance. As networks evolve, integrating appropriate high-speed links and low-latency solutions facilitates robust and efficient data transmission tailored to specific scenarios, ultimately improving user experience and operational effectiveness.

References

  • Tanenbaum, A. S., & Wetherall, D. J. (2011). Computer Networks (5th Edition). Pearson.
  • Kurose, J. F., & Ross, K. W. (2017). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (7th Edition). Pearson.
  • Forouzan, B. A. (2017). Data Communications and Networking (5th Edition). McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Deering, S., & Hinden, R. (2018). Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification. IETF RFC 8200.
  • Gobjuka, H., & Feng, H. (2017). Wireless Sensor Networks: A Security Perspective. IEEE Wireless Communications, 24(4), 70–77.
  • Baker, F. (2020). Real-Time Communications over 5G and Beyond. IEEE Communications Magazine, 58(3), 16–22.
  • Fitzgerald, J., & Dennis, A. (2018). Business Data Communications and Security. Wiley.
  • Li, Y., et al. (2019). Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) Technology and Applications. IEEE Access, 7, 149411–149422.
  • Chen, S., & Zhao, J. (2020). Performance Analysis of High-Speed Ethernet for Data Center Networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 17(2), 919–932.
  • Mahmoud, Q. H., et al. (2021). Cloud and Edge Computing for Internet of Things: A Systematic Review. IEEE Access, 9, 112827–112848.

Related Assignments