Question 1: Which Of The Following Statements Best Defines T

Question 1which Of The Following Statements Best Defines The Two Main

Question 1: Which of the following statements best defines the two main differences existing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A. Prokaryotic cells possess a nucleus but lack organelles while eukaryotes lack both a nucleus and organelles.

B. Prokaryotic cells possess a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes lack both a nucleus and organelles.

C. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes possess both a nucleus and organelles.

Question 2: Structures common to both plant and animal cells include all of the following except:

A. chloroplast

B. mitochondria

C. plasma membrane

D. cytoplasm

E. nucleus

Question 3: All of the following are features of all cells except for:

A. DNA

B. organelles

C. plasma membrane

D. cytoplasm

E. cell function determines cell size

Question 4: Which of the following structures was specific to the animal cell?

A. centrioles

B. cytoplasm

C. nucleus

D. mitochondria

E. ribosomes

Question 5: Which of the following structures was specific to the plant cell?

A. nucleus

B. chloroplast

C. cytoplasm

D. mitochondria

E. ribosomes

Question 6: Centrioles function in:

A. ATP production

B. photosynthesis

C. organelle recycling

D. cell division

E. protein synthesis

Question 7: Chloroplasts are the site of __________.

A. genetic material

B. cell division

C. photosynthesis

D. protein synthesis

E. organelle recycling

Question 8: The Golgi body is responsible for packaging __________ for the cell.

A. ribosomes

B. carbohydrates

C. lipids

D. proteins

E. nucleic acids

Question 9: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces __________ for the cell.

A. DNA

B. carbohydrates

C. nucleic acids

D. proteins

E. lipids

Question 10: The "ruffles" of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion are called __________.

A. thylakoids

B. grana

C. cristae

D. ribosomes

E. centrioles

Question 11: The stacks of disk-like structures within chloroplasts are called __________.

A. centrioles

B. grana

C. thylakoids

D. stroma

E. lipids

Question 12: Centrioles are only found in ____________ cells.

A. bacterial

B. plant

C. animal

D. plant and bacterial

E. plant and animal

Question 13: Lysosomes consist of a single membrane surrounding powerful __________ enzymes.

A. absorptive

B. pigmented

C. refractive

D. photosynthetic

E. digestive

Question 14: The nucleus is called the __________ of the cell.

A. photosynthesizer

B. powerhouse

C. organelle recycler

D. headquarters

E. condenser

Question 15: The large solid spot within the nucleus is the __________.

A. centriole

B. Golgi body

C. endoplasmic reticulum

D. nucleolus

E. chloroplast

Question 16: The energy harvested via the light reaction is stored by forming a chemical called ___________________, a compound used by cells for energy storage.

A. STP

B. G3P

C. ATP

D. RNA

E. DNA

Question 17: The ___________________ takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast.

A. RNA synthesis

B. dark reaction

C. chlorophyll production

D. ATP synthesis

E. light reaction

Question 18: The dark reactions do not directly need light to occur; however, they do need the following products of the light reactions to proceed:

A. H2O and CO2

B. ATP and chlorophyll

C. NADPH and H2O

D. ATP and NADPH

E. ATP and CO2

Question 19: The dark reaction involves a cycle called the ________________________________ in which CO2 and energy from ATP are used to form sugar.

A. Uni Cycle

B. Chlorophyll Cycle

C. Calvin Cycle

D. Motor Cycle

E. Cell Cycle

Question 20: Stomates are for air exchange letting CO2 in and __________ out of leaves.

A. H2O

B. carotenoids

C. O2

D. chlorophyll

E. ATP

Question 21: Chlorophyll looks ___________________ because it absorbs red and blue light, making these colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes.

A. red

B. orange

C. green

D. blue

E. yellow

Question 22: The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for ___________________.

A. air exchange

B. ATP production

C. chlorophyll recovery

D. cell division

E. capture of sunlight

Question 23: Plants lessen the amount of water that evaporates by keeping their stomates ___________________ during hot, dry weather.

A. dehydrated

B. open

C. exercised

D. closed

E. hydrated

Question 24: The ___________________________ happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy.

A. light reaction

B. carbon dioxide production

C. dark reaction

D. chlorophyll production

E. air exchange

Question 25: The dark reaction converts ___________________ to sugar.

A. CO2

B. chlorophyll

C. ATP

D. G3P

E. Ribose

Paper For Above instruction

The distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is fundamental to understanding cellular biology. These two types of cells differ primarily in their structural organization and complexity. The key difference lies in the presence or absence of a nucleus: prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, with their genetic material freely floating in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotic cells possess a distinct nucleus that encloses their DNA. This structural feature is critical as it influences gene expression, regulation, and cellular processes. Additionally, eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and in the case of plant cells, chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotic cells generally lack these organelles, which affects their metabolic capabilities and cellular functions.

Both plant and animal cells share several structural features necessary for their survival and proper functioning. These include the plasma membrane, which controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell; cytoplasm, where metabolic processes occur; mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell responsible for ATP production; and the nucleus, which contains genetic material. However, they also have distinct structures specific to their functions. For example, plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, whereas animal cells lack chloroplasts and have more flexible cell membranes.

The cellular organelles have specialized functions. The nucleus, often termed the control center of the cell, houses genetic information and coordinates activities like growth and reproduction. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids for transport or secretion. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exists in two forms: rough ER, studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis, and smooth ER, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy necessary for various cellular processes. Lysosomes, present mainly in animal cells, contain digestive enzymes to breakdown waste materials and cellular debris. The cytoskeleton provides structural support and aids in intracellular transport.

Centrioles, distinct to animal cells, play a crucial role in cell division by facilitating the formation of the spindle fibers during mitosis. Chloroplasts are unique to plant cells and are the sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy stored as glucose. The structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of thylakoids called grana, which contain chlorophyll—the pigment responsible for capturing light energy. In mitochondria, the inner membrane has folds called cristae, increasing surface area for ATP production. The mitochondria’s outer membrane and the cristae enable efficient energy conversion vital for cellular activities.

The process of photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, known as the Calvin cycle. The light reactions, taking place in the thylakoid membranes, capture photon energy and convert it into chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, where it uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into G3P, a three-carbon sugar that eventually forms glucose. Chlorophyll, the primary pigment involved, absorbs red and blue light, reflecting green, which is why plants appear green. When chlorophyll absorbs light, it appears green because the absorbed red and blue wavelengths are removed from the spectrum.

The stomates are specialized pores mainly located on the underside of leaves, controlling gas exchange, including CO2 intake necessary for photosynthesis and O2 release during respiration. During hot, dry conditions, plants close their stomates to minimize water loss through transpiration. This adaptation helps maintain water homeostasis but can also limit CO2 intake, impacting photosynthesis efficiency. The regulation of stomatal opening and closing is vital for plant survival in varying environmental conditions.

Photosynthesis involves two interconnected processes: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll absorbs light energy, leading to the production of ATP and NADPH. These molecules then fuel the Calvin cycle in the stroma, where CO2 is fixed into organic molecules like G3P, eventually resulting in glucose synthesis. This process is essential for converting solar energy into chemical energy, sustaining plant life and providing the foundation for most food chains on Earth.

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