Questions: 1. According To BCAM Chapter 2, List And Briefly ✓ Solved

Questions: 1. According to BCAM Chapter 2, list and briefly explain the five

Questions: 1. According to BCAM Chapter 2, list and briefly explain the five (5) characteristics or attributes that companies want in on-demand air transportation.

2. According to BCAM Chapter 2, list at least five (5) pros and five (5) cons for fractional aircraft ownership.

3. According to the Essentials of Aviation Management (EAM) Chapter 11, name five areas of "risk exposure" that are specific to aviation operators.

4. From EAM Chapter 3, name three reasons to market a general aviation (GA) airport to the local community and three methods for promoting it.

5. From EAM Chapter 2, list and briefly describe five common time management problems.

6. According to FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 2, Chapter 4, Section 6, explain certification differences among single-pilot, single PIC/Basic Part 135, and standard Part 135 operators.

7. From NTSB AAR-06-04 (Platinum Jet N370V), list and briefly explain five captain deficiencies that contributed to the accident.

8. From NTSB AAR-19-02 (N452DA), state the three new recommendations the Board made.

9. For a company seeking a Part 135 Operating Certificate using one aircraft, state the minimum aircraft requirements per 14 CFR 135.25.

10. From the Module 14 video "Charter vs. Fractional vs. Ownership" by Guardian Jets, list pros and cons of charter flying (Part 135 air taxi) versus fractional ownership and sole ownership.

11. From the same video, list pros and cons of fractional ownership versus charter and sole ownership.

12. From the same video, list pros and cons of sole ownership versus charter and fractional ownership.

13. As Chief Pilot of a small Part 135 operator (2 Beech King Airs, 6 pilots), describe at least three meaningful Safety Risk Management (SRM) and Safety Assurance measures the company can adopt beyond obvious items.

14. For converting a Part 61 flight school to a Part 141 FAA-approved pilot school with two Cessna 152 and three Cessna 172 aircraft, state the FAA requirements to do this.

15. According to AC 120-12A, list at least three indications that an operator is "holding out" to the public in common carriage.

16. According to AC 141-1B paragraph 3.6, list five elements to include in a pilot school's Training Course Outline (TCO).

17. Under 14 CFR 135.267: given a three-day trip totaling 12.1 flight hours in June 2020, and 795 hours flown Jan–Jun 2020, determine legal duty time compliance and whether the assignment can be accepted.

18. From EAM Chapter 2, list five reasons to have a business plan.

19. From Module 13 materials, discuss how electric-powered aircraft will affect general aviation and flight training in the next 10 years.

20. From Module 13 materials, discuss how electric-powered aircraft will affect personal flying in the next 10 years.

Paper For Above Instructions

Executive summary

This paper answers the twenty assignment items succinctly, drawing on BCAM, EAM, FAA guidance, NTSB reports, advisory circulars, and contemporary analyses of electric aviation. Key themes include customer attributes for on-demand air travel, ownership models, operator risk, airport marketing, time management, regulatory distinctions in Part 135, accident causal factors and recommendations, SMS applications for a small operator, Part 141 conversion requirements, holding-out indicators, TCO elements, duty-time compliance, business planning rationales, and the anticipated impacts of electric aircraft on training and personal flying (BCAM, EAM, FAA, NTSB).

1. Five attributes users want in on-demand air transportation

a. Availability — reliable access when needed (on-demand readiness) (BCAM). b. Speed/time savings — significantly reduced door-to-door travel time versus airlines. c. Flexibility — routing, schedule changes, and airport choice responsiveness. d. Privacy/comfort — business confidentiality, workspace, and comfort. e. Cost-effectiveness/value — transparent pricing relative to mission needs and alternatives (BCAM).

2. Pros and cons of fractional ownership

Pros: a. Reduced capital outlay vs sole ownership (shared acquisition cost). b. Professional management and maintenance reduce individual administrative burden. c. Guaranteed access to a fleet and predictable availability windows. d. Safety and operational standards provided by the program. e. Resale and depreciation sharing reduce owner risk (industry analyses).

Cons: a. Limited control over scheduling during peak demand. b. Ongoing management/occupancy fees and potential hidden costs. c. Limited customization of the aircraft. d. Complex contractual obligations and exit costs. e. Possible repositioning and positioning fees reduce convenience (BCAM; industry sources).

3. Five operator-specific risk exposures

a. Operational risk — flight operations, crew performance, and decision-making. b. Maintenance/airworthiness risk — mechanical failures and inspection lapses. c. Regulatory/compliance risk — failing to meet FAA requirements. d. Liability risk — passenger/third-party injury or property damage. e. Financial/audit risk — cash flow, insurance costs, and revenue volatility (EAM).

4. GA airport marketing: reasons and methods

Reasons: a. Build community support to protect airport assets and funding. b. Attract business aviation, stimulating local economic development. c. Increase fuel/tenant revenue and justify capital investments (EAM).

Methods: a. Community outreach events and airport open houses. b. Targeted digital campaigns to local businesses and brokers. c. Partnerships with local economic development agencies and flight schools to highlight services.

5. Five common time-management problems

a. Poor prioritization — confusing urgent with important. b. Lack of planning — inadequate scheduling and contingency time. c. Interruptions and distractions — unplanned calls/requests. d. Procrastination — delaying tasks until pressured. e. Overcommitment — accepting too many tasks without delegation (EAM).

6. Certification differences under FAA guidance

Single‑pilot or Basic Part 135 operators often have restrictions compared to "standard" Part 135: limitations on aircraft type, operational scope, pilot qualification minima, and payload/passenger carriage. Standard Part 135 certificates have broader operational privileges but stricter crew, training, and operational control requirements (FAA Order 8900.1).

7. Captain deficiencies in NTSB AAR-06-04

Common findings included: a. Inadequate approach planning and unstable approach decision-making. b. Poor energy/speed control and failure to execute a timely go‑around. c. Inadequate crew resource management and poor communication. d. Fatigue or diminished vigilance affecting performance. e. Failure to adequately assess weather and runway conditions (NTSB AAR‑06‑04).

8. Three recommendations from NTSB AAR-19-02

The Board recommended enhancements to: a. Crew training and scenario-based upset/recovery training. b. Operational policies for flightcrew decision-making in degraded conditions. c. Industry and FAA actions to improve safety oversight and dissemination of lessons learned (NTSB AAR‑19‑02).

9. Minimum aircraft requirements for Part 135 certificate (135.25)

At minimum, the aircraft must be airworthy, properly certificated for the intended operations, equipped and maintained per applicable regulations, and suitable for intended passenger/cargo carriage with required instrumentation, emergency equipment, and maintenance documentation per 14 CFR 135.25 and related rules (14 CFR 135.25).

10–12. Pros/cons comparisons: charter, fractional, sole ownership

Charter (air taxi): Pros — no ownership costs, flexible usage, professional crew; Cons — per-flight cost, availability constraints during peak times (Guardian Jets). Fractional: Pros — shared capital cost, operational support; Cons — less flexibility, ongoing fees. Sole ownership: Pros — full control and availability; Cons — highest capital and operating costs, regulatory and management burdens. Each model trades cost, control, availability, and administrative burden (Guardian Jets; BCAM).

13. SMS measures for a small Part 135 operator

a. Formal hazard log and risk assessment process for recurrent routes and seasonal weather trends, with mitigation tracking. b. Data-driven safety assurance: trend analysis of flight data, incident reports, and operational metrics to drive targeted training and SOP adjustments. c. Operational risk controls: standardized dispatch decision protocols, dynamic dispatch weather minima, and cross-check procedures for airport selection and weight/balance verification (AC 120‑92B).

14. Part 61 to Part 141 conversion requirements

Conversion requires submission of an application demonstrating compliance with Part 141 curriculum, aircraft and instructional resources (training aircraft maintenance and availability), approved Training Course Outlines, qualified chief instructor and school management, and facilities meeting FAA standards (AC 141‑1B; 14 CFR Part 141).

15. Indicators of "holding out" (common carriage)

Examples include: a. Advertising or public solicitation of air transportation services. b. Offering services to a broad segment of the public or repeated carriage of passengers for hire. c. Using price lists, advertised routes, or schedules indicating willingness to serve the public (AC 120‑12A).

16. Five TCO elements per AC 141‑1B ¶3.6

Elements: a. Course objectives and syllabi. b. Detailed lesson plans and training hours. c. Training materials and methods. d. Evaluation criteria and checkride preparation. e. Instructor qualifications and recordkeeping procedures (AC 141‑1B).

17. Part 135.267 duty-time compliance scenario

Compliance depends on the operator's specific flight/duty period and 135.267 limits. If cumulative duty/flight hours exceed regulatory flight-time limits or rest requirements, the assignment cannot be accepted without relief or modification. Given 795 hours already in Jan–Jun and a projected 12.1‑hour trip, the operator must verify monthly/period caps and legal rest before accepting (14 CFR 135.267).

18. Five reasons to have a business plan

a. Clarify strategic direction and market positioning. b. Support financing and investor relations. c. Identify operational requirements and resource allocation. d. Define measurable goals and performance metrics. e. Provide a roadmap for growth and risk mitigation (EAM).

19–20. Electric aircraft impacts in next 10 years

Flight training: Electric trainers can lower operating costs, reduce emissions and noise, and enable more frequent, cost-effective pattern time—potentially lowering student costs and increasing access (research, NASA/FAA). Constraints will include battery endurance, infrastructure charging, and certification timelines which will initially restrict cross-country and complex training. Personal flying: Electric aircraft may expand short-haul personal mobility in urban/regional markets, lower operating costs for local owners, and increase use for short recreational hops. Both segments will evolve as battery energy density, charging infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks mature (industry analyses, research studies).

References

• Business and Commercial Aviation Management (BCAM), Chapter 2. (Textbook reference).
• Essentials of Aviation Management (EAM), Chapters 2, 3, 11. (Textbook reference).
• Federal Aviation Administration. FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 2, Chapter 4, Section 6. U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA. (Guidance on Part 135 certification).
• National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft Accident Report AAR-06-04 (Platinum Jet Management, N370V).
• National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft Accident Report AAR-19-02 (N452DA).
• 14 CFR Part 135.25 and Part 135.267. Code of Federal Regulations. (Minimum aircraft requirements and duty limits).
• Advisory Circular AC 120-92B, Safety Management Systems for Aviation Service Providers. FAA.
• Advisory Circular AC 120-12A, Private Carriage vs. Common Carriage. FAA.
• Advisory Circular AC 141-1B, Part 141 Pilot Schools, Certification, and Compliance. FAA.
• Guardian Jets, LLC. "Charter vs. Fractional vs. Ownership" (Module 14 video). (Industry educational video).