Questions Of Values And Ethics ✓ Solved

Questions Of Values And Ethicscha

Questions of Values and Ethics Chapter 4 Introduction In the Beginning… There were no antibiotics. There were no ICUs. There were no CT scanners or MRIs. There were just physicians and nurses who cared for people in sickness and in health. 1960s Technological advances allowed for the development of the ICU. New biomedical developments Advances in surgical techniques, such as open heart surgery New Questions The advances created new questions for health-care professionals regarding the use of technology.

The concepts of life and death Bioethics A subdiscipline of ethics The study of medical morality Concepts of Ethics Values Belief systems Morality Value Systems A set of related values Intrinsic values Extrinsic values Personal values Professional values Value Formation Values are learned. Values change with maturity and experience. The number of values an individual holds is not as important as what values he or she consider important. Values Clarification Choosing Prizing Acting Belief Systems These are organized ways of thinking about why people exist within the universe. Their purpose is to explain such concepts as Life and death Good and evil Health and illness Ethics and Morals Morals Morals are an individual’s own code for acceptable behavior.

They arise from an individual’s conscience. They act as a guide for individual behavior. They are learned. Ethics Ethics deals with the “rightness†or “wrongness†of human behavior. Concerned with the motivation behind the behavior Bioethics is the application of these principles to life-and-death issues. Ethical Theories Deontological Teleological Principalism Ethical Principles Autonomy Nonmaleficence Beneficence Justice Fidelity Confidentiality Veracity Accountability Autonomy The freedom to make decisions about oneself Nurses need to respect clients’ rights to make choices about health care. * Nonmaleficence Requires that no harm be caused to an individual, either unintentionally or deliberately.

Requires nurses to protect individuals who are unable to protect themselves. Beneficence This principle means “doing good†for others. Nurses need to assist clients in meeting all their needs. Biological Psychological Social Justice Every individual must be treated equally. This requires nurses to be nonjudgmental. Fidelity Loyalty The promise to fulfill all commitments The basis of accountability Confidentiality Anything stated to nurses or health-care providers by clients must remain confidential. The only times this principle may be violated are If clients indicate harm to themselves or others If the clients give permission for the information to be shared * Veracity This principle implies “truthfulness.†Nurses need to be truthful to their clients.

Veracity is an important component of building trusting relationships. Accountability Individuals need to be responsible for their own actions. Nurses are accountable to themselves and to their colleagues. Ethical Codes These are formal statements of the rules of behavior for a particular group of individuals. Ethical codes are dynamic. Most professions have a “code of ethics†to guide professional behavior. Virtue Ethics Focus on virtues or moral character. View helping others as charitable or benevolent. Organizational Ethics Focus on the workplace. Ethical culture makes a difference. Senior leadership must promote an ethical culture. Ethical Dilemmas Occur when a problem exists between ethical principles Deciding in favor of one principle usually violates another. Both sides have “goodness†and “badness†associated with them. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas Using the Nursing Process Assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation Approach to Ethical Dilemmas Approach List and rank the options. What values are in conflict? Use of discussion and negotiation.

Work toward a mutually acceptable decision. Implementation Identify decision makers. Determine goals of treatment. Planning Am I involved? Collect the facts. Re-evaluate as necessary. Determine whether desired outcomes have been reached. Evaluation Assessment Current Ethical Issues Issues to Consider Assisted suicide Technology issues Gene therapies “Designer babies†Organizational climate Conclusion An issue is not an ethical issue for the nurse unless he or she has been asked. Always gather the facts prior to decision making. Consider your personal beliefs and values. Chapter 6 Theoretical Frameworks * Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: A theory is an abstraction that purports to account for or explain phenomena.

Answer True A theory is an abstraction that purports to account for or explain phenomena. Question What is a descriptive theory? An abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it A theory attempt to describe large segments of the human experience A theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience Answer B Classical theory: an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena Descriptive theory: a theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it Grand theory: a theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experience Middle-range theory: a theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience Answer B Classical theory: an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena Descriptive theory: a theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it Theory (cont.) Grand theory: a theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experience Middle-range theory: a theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Schematic models are graphic, theory-driven representations of phenomena and their interrelationships using symbols or diagrams and a minimal use of words.

Answer True Schematic models are graphic, theory-driven representations of phenomena and their interrelationships using symbols or diagrams and a minimal use of words. Conceptual Models Deal with abstractions, assembled in a coherent scheme Represent a less formal attempt than theories to explain phenomena Do not have formal propositions about relationships among phenomena Framework Theoretical framework (based on theory) Conceptual framework (based on a conceptual model) Commonalities between Theories and Conceptual Models Use concepts as building blocks Require conceptual definitions of key concepts Can be depicted in a schematic model Are created by humans Are developed inductively Commonalities between Theories and Conceptual Models (cont.) Cannot be proven—they are supported to greater or lesser degrees Can be used to generate hypotheses Can serve as a stimulus to research 5-Step Process for Developing Conceptual Definitions Develop a preliminary definition. Do an in-depth literature review. Identify exemplary cases. Map the concept’s meaning. State the revised conceptual definition. Conceptual Models of Nursing Formal explanations of what nursing practice is Four concepts central to models of nursing: Person Environment Health Nursing Conceptual Models Used Frequently by Nurse Researchers Conceptual models of nursing: Roy’s Adaptation Model Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings Other models developed by nurses: Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory Examples of Non-Nursing Models by Nurse Researchers Becker’s Health Belief Model (HBM) Lazarus and Folkman’s Theory of Stress and Coping Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) The Use of Theories or Models in Quantitative Research Testing a theory Testing two competing theories Using a theory/model as an organizing structure Fitting a problem into theory Developing an original theory/model * Question What type of theory do some qualitative researchers seek to develop that provide data-driven explanations to account for phenomena under study?

Answer A Some qualitative researchers specifically seek to develop grounded theories, data-driven explanations to account for phenomena under study through inductive processes. Ethnography is cultural theories—ideational and materialistic. Phenomenology is the phenomenologic theory of human experience. Theories in Qualitative Research Substantive theory—conceptualizations of the target phenomena Theory embedded in a research tradition Grounded theory (symbolic interactionism) Ethnography (cultural theories: ideational and materialistic) Phenomenology (phenomenologic theory of human experience) Examples of Questions to Assess a Model or Theory Clarity: Are key concepts defined? Are definitions clear? Complexity: Is the theory sufficiently rich? Overly complex? Grounding: Is there an empirical basis for the theory? Examples of Questions to Assess a Model or Theory (cont.) Appropriateness: Are key concepts within the domain of nursing? Importance: Will testing the theory contribute to nursing’s evidence base? Chapter 5 Literature Reviews: Finding and Critiquing Evidence Question Tell whether the statement is true or false: A research literature review is a written summary of evidence on a research problem.

Answer True A research literature review is a written summary of evidence on a research problem. Purposes of a Literature Review Identification of a research problem Orientation to what is known/not known Determination of gaps or inconsistencies in a body of research Determination of a need to replicate a study Identification of clinical interventions that need to be tested Purposes of a Literature Review (cont.) Identification of relevant conceptual frameworks for a research problem Identification of suitable designs and data collection methods Identification of experts who could be used as consultants on a project Assistance in interpreting findings and developing implications Sources of Information in a Research Literature Review Principal reliance on primary sources (research reports written by researchers who conducted the study) Less reliance on secondary sources (summaries of studies by others) Peripheral use of anecdotal reports, opinion articles, case reports * Question Tell whether the statement is true or false: An ancestry approach uses pivotal studies to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it.

Answer False Ancestry approach: tracking down earlier studies cited in a reference list of a report Descendancy approach: using a pivotal study to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it Finding Studies Ancestry approach: tracking down earlier studies cited in a reference list of a report Descendancy approach: using a pivotal study to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it Types of Search in Electronic Databases Subject search Search for topics or keywords in the database Text word search Search for specific words in text fields of the database record Author search Search for a specific researcher Key Electronic Databases for Nurse Researchers CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) MEDLINE (Medical Literature on-Line) Example of a Printout from a CINAHL Search Example of a Printout from a PubMed Search Abstracting and Recording Information Coding the studies Literature review protocols Literature review matrices Question Matrices are a convenient means of abstracting and organizing information for a literature review. What is the purpose of evaluation matrix? Record methodologic features of a set of studies. Record research findings. Record quality assessment information. Record thematic analysis of the retrieved information. Answer C A reviewer might use a methodologic matrix to record methodologic features of a set of studies, a set of results matrices to record research findings, and an evaluation matrix to record quality assessment information. The use of such matrices facilitates thematic analysis of the retrieved information. Matrix Methodologic Results Evaluation Example of a Literature Review Protocol Critiquing Studies and Evaluating the Evidence Research critiques of individual studies Evaluating a body of research Analyzing and Synthesizing Information Theme Analysis: Substantive themes Theoretical themes Methodologic themes Preparing a Written Literature Review Organizing the review Writing a literature review 1. Content 2. Style Guidelines for Critiquing Literature Reviews

Sample Paper For Above instruction

The field of nursing ethics encompasses a broad spectrum of issues that emerge as healthcare advances, particularly with technological innovations, challenge traditional moral frameworks. This paper explores the fundamental concepts of ethics and morality in nursing, their application in clinical practice, and the processes used to resolve ethical dilemmas, emphasizing their importance in patient-centered care.

Historically, nursing has evolved from a simple caregiving occupation into a complex profession guided by a code of ethics that ensures the delivery of safe and respectful care. Ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, fidelity, confidentiality, veracity, and accountability serve as pillars that underpin nursing actions and decisions. Autonomy emphasizes respecting a patient's right to make informed decisions about their health, a concept that is fundamental to patient-centered care. Beneficence and nonmaleficence require nurses to act in the best interest of patients and to minimize harm, respectively. Justice mandates the fair distribution of healthcare resources, while fidelity underscores the importance of loyalty and keeping promises to patients. Confidentiality and veracity further reinforce trust in nurse-patient relationships, promoting honesty and privacy.

These ethical principles are operationalized through professional codes of ethics, which are dynamic documents guiding nurses' behavior in various clinical contexts. When faced with ethical dilemmas—situations where principles conflict—nurses rely on the nursing process (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation) to navigate complex decisions. For instance, dilemmas related to advanced technologies, such as assisted suicide or gene therapy, require careful deliberation, considering the moral implications and legal frameworks involved.

Theories and frameworks from moral philosophy—deontological, teleological, and principlism—provide moral reasoning tools to assist nurses in ethical decision-making. Deontological ethics focus on duty and adherence to moral rules, while teleological ethics consider outcomes and consequences. Principlism, which incorporates the core principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, is particularly prominent in nursing ethics because of its practical orientation.

In addition to individual patient care, organizational ethics play a critical role in fostering an ethical workplace culture. Leadership must promote ethical awareness and support staff in resolving conflicts ethically. Situations like gene editing technologies, organ transplantation, and end-of-life care highlight the ongoing ethical challenges faced by healthcare professionals and underscore the necessity of ethical reflection and dialogue.

The resolution of ethical dilemmas often involves collaborative discussion, negotiation, and consensus-building among healthcare teams, patients, and families. Approaching dilemmas systematically—by listing potential options, identifying conflicting values, and seeking mutually acceptable solutions—helps nurses uphold moral standards while respecting patient rights. Continued education, ethical training, and adherence to established codes of ethics are essential in preparing nurses to respond effectively to ethical challenges.

In conclusion, ethics and morality are integral to nursing practice, especially as technological advancements introduce new moral questions. A thorough understanding of ethical principles, theories, and decision-making processes is essential for nurses committed to providing morally sound patient care. Embracing organizational support and engaging in ongoing ethical education can strengthen nurses' capacity to navigate complex moral landscapes confidently and competently.

References

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