Questions Short Answers Only 250 Words Or Less 762979
10 Questions Short Answers Only 250 Words Or Lesschriss J J 202
10 questions! Short answers only! 250 words or less! Chriss, J. J. (2022).
Social control: An introduction (3rd ed.). Polity Press. Chapter 3. Informal Control Chapter 6. Informal Control: Case Studies Lippman, M. (2021). Law and society (3rd ed.). SAGE. Chapter 6. Dispute Resolution Chapter 11. Law and Racial and Ethnic Inequality Beckett, K., & Herbert, S. (2009). Banished: The new social control in urban America. Oxford University Press. Toward Banishment: The Transformation of Urban Social Control (p. 37–62)
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Social control, as discussed in Chriss (2022), encompasses mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior to conform to societal norms, with a significant emphasis on informal control. Informal social control operates through social bonds, customs, and expectations rather than formal laws. It is wielded by family, peer groups, and community members, serving as a primary means of maintaining social order outside institutional frameworks.
In Chapter 3 and 6 of Chriss's work, various case studies illustrate how informal control manifests in everyday life. For instance, peer pressure in schools and neighborhood surveillance can subtly influence behaviors without formal intervention. These mechanisms rely heavily on social sanctions, such as shame or praise, to reinforce norms. The effectiveness of informal control often depends on the strength of social bonds and community cohesion. Conversely, weak social ties may diminish informal regulation, leading to increased deviance or disorder.
Lippman's (2021) examination of dispute resolution complements this by highlighting formal and informal avenues for resolving conflicts. Informal methods include mediation by community elders, family negotiations, or peer interventions. Formal resolutions involve legal systems like courts and law enforcement agencies. The balance between these approaches varies across cultures and social contexts but significantly shapes the societal response to disputes.
Beckett & Herbert's (2009) analysis of urban social control reveals how city environments construct new regimes of regulation, particularly targeting marginalized groups through mechanisms of banishment and social exclusion. This transformation reflects broader societal tendencies to control urban populations through spatial and social stratification, which often exacerbates racial and ethnic inequalities. Such practices challenge traditional notions of community cohesion by fostering social division and marginalization.
Overall, the interconnectedness of informal and formal social control underscores its pivotal role in shaping social behavior and maintaining order. While informal controls foster community integration, they can also reinforce inequalities when aligned with societal power structures. Formal mechanisms, albeit necessary, often perpetuate social disparities, especially in contexts of racial and ethnic inequality, as seen in urban settings (Lippman, 2021; Beckett & Herbert, 2009).
References
- Chriss, J. J. (2022). Social control: An introduction (3rd ed.). Polity Press.
- Lippman, M. (2021). Law and society (3rd ed.). SAGE.
- Beckett, K., & Herbert, S. (2009). Banished: The new social control in urban America. Oxford University Press.