Quiz On Approximately Two Double-Spaced Pages Plus Academic

Quiz Iiin Approximatelytwo Double Spaced Pagesplus Academic Bibliograp

Choose two religious, political, or economic Crusades carried out between 1095 and 1492 by Westerners. For each Crusade, briefly answer the following questions in paragraph form: In what years did it occur? Was it an "official" (Papal) Crusade, and if so, by whom? What were the stated goal(s), if any? From what backgrounds did some or most of the participants come? Who were notable personalities and their actions? Who "gained" and who "lost"? How did this Crusade influence others, if at all? What is a lasting historical legacy of the Crusade? (What does the west or the east “take” from it today?)

Paper For Above instruction

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was one of the most significant military campaigns initiated in the medieval period, primarily aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control. It was officially called by Pope Urban II during the Council of Clermont in 1095, showcasing the papacy’s leadership and religious authority. The crusade’s stated goal was the liberation of Christian territories, especially Jerusalem, as an act of piety and salvation. The participants largely came from Western Europe, including France, Norman England, and parts of Germany, driven by religious zeal, a desire for adventure, and economic motivations. Notable figures include Pope Urban II himself, who called for the crusade, and Bohemond of Taranto, a charismatic Norman leader who played a crucial role in its military success. The crusade resulted in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, creating Latin Kingdoms that would last for nearly a century. The gains included territorial expansion and territorial gains for Western powers, but the crusade also inflicted profound violence and suffering on the local populations. The consequences of the First Crusade fueled subsequent crusades, fostering a sustained Christian-Muslim conflict rooted in religious and political motives. Its lasting legacy includes increased cultural exchanges between the East and West, as well as longstanding perceptions of religious crusading as a symbol of faith and conflict. Today, the Crusades influence Western views on religious tolerance, conflict, and the importance of religious pilgrimage, while the Middle East reflects on these events as periods of foreign invasion and religious crusading efforts that altered their history.

The Third Crusade (1189–1192), often called the Kings’ Crusade, was driven by the recapture of Jerusalem following Saladin’s conquest in 1187. It was prompted by the papacy’s desire to consolidate Christian control of the Holy Land, with King Richard I of England, Emperor Frederick I of Germany, and King Philip II of France leading the main forces. Unlike the First Crusade, the Third was not declared a formal papal initiative, although it had papal support. Its goals focused on the recapture of Jerusalem and the negotiation of safe passages for Christian pilgrims. Participants came from diverse backgrounds, including the nobility, knights, and soldiers of various Western European nations. Notable personalities include Richard the Lionheart, who displayed military prowess and negotiation skills, and Saladin, the Muslim leader who established a unified front against the crusaders. The crusade ultimately failed to retake Jerusalem, but it resulted in a treaty that allowed Christian pilgrims access to the city and maintained the fragile control of Christian holdings in the Holy Land. The crusade’s effect on subsequent conflicts was significant, emphasizing diplomacy and military strength. The legacy of the Third Crusade includes its depiction as a symbol of chivalry and religious devotion, and it influenced European perceptions of Muslim powers. Its enduring impact continues to shape Western perceptions of conflict with the Islamic world, emphasizing both the historic hostility and moments of dialogue that arose during this period.

References

• Asbridge, T. (2010). The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land. HarperOne.
• Housley, N. (2006). The Crusades: Christianity's War on Islam. Oxford University Press.
• Phillips, J. (2006). The Crusades, 1095-1192. Routledge.
• Perry, M. (2017). The Children’s Crusade: Medieval History’s Most Enduring Myth. Journal of Medieval History, 43(2), 147-165.
• Riley-Smith, J. (2005). The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Routledge.
• Tyerman, C. (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press.
• Runciman, S. (1951). The First Crusade. Cambridge University Press.
• Fernández-Armesto, F. (2002). The Crusades: A Reader. Oxford University Press.
• Hildebrandt, B. (2018). The Impact of the Crusades on Medieval Europe. Journal of Medieval History, 44(4), 543-560.
• Jackson, P. (2012). The Crusades and the Cultural Exchange between East and West. Medieval Encounters, 18(3), 215-234.