Recognize Positive And Negative Reinforcements And Punishmen

Recognize Postivenegative Reinforcements And Punishments

Instructions Recognize: Postive/Negative Reinforcements and Punishments Evaluation Title: Operant Conditioning The table below provides the four kinds of operant conditioning as they apply to dog training. After reviewing these examples, create two examples from each category but apply them to human behavior. You will provide 2 examples of positive reinforcement; 2 examples of negative reinforcement; 2 examples of positive punishment and 2 examples of negative punishment. Remember, Reinforcement = increasing behavior and Punishment = decreasing behavior. Positive = applying something to increase or decrease behavior and Negative = removing something to increase or decrease behavior.

Paper For Above instruction

The concept of operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, emphasizes how behavior is influenced by its consequences. It involves four key categories: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Understanding these categories and their application to human behavior is essential for both psychological theory and practical behavior management.

Positive Reinforcement involves adding a favorable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. For example, a parent praising a child for completing homework encourages the child to maintain the behavior. Similarly, an employer offering bonuses for employee productivity reinforces good work performance.

  • Example 1: A teacher awards stickers to students who participate actively in class discussions. This positive reinforcement encourages ongoing participation.
  • Example 2: An individual receives a compliment from a friend after dressing well, motivating them to dress neatly in the future.

Negative Reinforcement entails removing an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior. It not only promotes behavior but also reduces discomfort or aversive conditions.

  • Example 1: A person studies diligently to avoid the anxiety of failing an exam. In this case, the removal of anxiety reinforces the studying behavior.
  • Example 2: An employee wears a badge to avoid the nagging reminder from a supervisor to clock in on time. Removing the nagging reinforces punctual behavior.

Positive Punishment involves adding an unfavorable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring. For example, receiving a penalty or fine for speeding discourages that behavior.

  • Example 1: A teenager is given extra chores after missing curfew, decreasing the chances of repeating the behavior.
  • Example 2: An employee receives a formal warning after repeated lateness, which discourages tardiness.

Negative Punishment involves removing a pleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior. It aims to decrease undesirable actions by withholding positive outcomes.

  • Example 1: A child loses access to video games after misbehaving, which discourages poor behavior.
  • Example 2: An employee is denied a bonus due to poor performance, reducing the likelihood of continuance in subpar work practices.

Applying operant conditioning accurately requires understanding not just the categories but also the context in which behaviors are reinforced or punished. Such understanding can be instrumental in behavioral modification strategies, therapeutic settings, and everyday life. In humans, these principles are often used intentionally to modify behavior, from parenting and education to workplace management.

References

  • Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press.
  • Miltenberger, R. G. (2016). Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  • Ormrod, J. E. (2016). Educational Psychology: Developing Learners. Boston: Pearson.
  • Chance, P. (2014). Learning and Behavior. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  • McLeod, S. A. (2018). Operant Conditioning. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
  • Hockenbury, D., Hockenbury, S. (2014). Discovering Psychology. Worth Publishers.
  • Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of Reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  • Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. R. (1968). Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 91-97.
  • Reeve, J. (2018). Motivating Students to Learn. Springer.
  • Kazdin, A. E. (2017). Behavior Modification in Applied Settings. Waveland Press.

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