Research Paper Rubric (300 Points) Submission Must Meet Mini
Research Paper Rubric (300 points) Submission must meet minimum requirements to be scored on this rubric
Research Paper Rubric (300 points) Submission must meet minimum requirements to be scored on this rubric. Proficient (Each bullet is worth up to 5 points) Competent Novice Introduction : 40 points · Descriptive title · Opening that gets the reader’s interest and sets the scene for the argument · Clear argument set up and significance of topic given · Clear thesis statement · Well-developed paragraph Introduction : 26 points · Somewhat descriptive title · Opening doesn’t clearly get the reader’s interest or set the scene for the argument · Unclear argument set up or significance of topic unclear · Unclear thesis statement · Poorly developed paragraph Introduction : 0 points · No descriptive title · No opening or it doesn’t get the reader’s interest or set the scene for the argument · No clear argument set up nor significance of topic given · No clear thesis statement · No well-developed paragraph Body: 110 points · There are at least three supporting points in the argument each fully developed (10 points per point x 3 = 30 points) · Literature on the topic is reviewed and/or integrated into the discussion · Each paragraph contains a topic sentence that is directly in support of the thesis. · Each paragraph fully addresses 1 supporting point of the thesis · Each paragraph contributes to the discussion of the thesis; more than just quotes and source material are presented · Sources are used and cited appropriately · Paragraphs are well-developed/detailed · Transitions are used · Organization is appropriate to the topic · There are no freestanding quotations · Synthesis is present, strong, and clear, stated, not implied Body: 71.5 points · There are at least two supporting points in the argument each fully developed (10 points per point x 2 = 20 points) · Literature on the topic is inadequately reviewed and/or partially integrated into the discussion · Each paragraph doesn’t contain a topic sentence or it is not directly in support of the thesis. · Each paragraph barely addresses 1 supporting point of the thesis · Each paragraph contributes somewhat to the discussion of the thesis; just quotes and source material are presented · Sources are used but not cited appropriately · Paragraphs have lapses in development/detail · Transitions are used inconsistently · Lapses in organization but is appropriate to the topic · There is only one freestanding quotation · Attempts at synthesis is present, but not strong or clear, unclearly stated (-35 points) Body: 0 points · There are less than two supporting points in the argument each fully developed (10 points per point x 0 = 0 points) · Literature on the topic is inadequately/not reviewed/or is dated and/or not integrated into the discussion · Each paragraph doesn’t contain a topic sentence that is directly in support of the thesis. · Each paragraph fails to fully address 1 supporting point of the thesis · Each paragraph doesn’t contribute to the discussion of the thesis; see next point · Sources are not used and cited appropriately · Paragraphs are not well-developed/detailed · Transitions are not used · Organization is not appropriate to the topic or not organized · There are freestanding quotations · Synthesis is not present, strong, and clear, stated, not implied Conclusion: 40 points · Restates/revisits thesis statement · Provides meaningful ending and closure of the topic with no new ideas/points/ideas introduced · Has a solution or makes a call to action (may be in body) and gives appropriate details of it · Is a well-developed paragraph Conclusion: 26 points · Restate/revisit thesis statement unclearly · Provides ending but not meaningful or closure is incomplete of the topic or new ideas/points/ideas are introduced · Has questionable solution or makes a weak call to action (may be in body) and gives inadequate details of it · Lapses in paragraph development Conclusion: 0 points · Does not restate/revisit thesis statement · Does not provide ending nor closure of the topic or with irrelevant ideas introduced · Has no solution or makes no call to action (may be in body) or gives no details of it · Isn’t a well-developed paragraph Formatting and Resources: 70 points · Typed/Set up in correct format · Appropriate documentation is used in text · Appropriate bibliographic information given · At least 6 sources are used, no more than 10 · Sources are appropriate and credible (4 are scholarly) · Information from sources makes up no more than 10% of the paper Formatting and Resources: 45.5 points · Lapses in correct format of typing/set up · Lapses in appropriate documentation in text · Only some appropriate bibliographic information given · More than 10 sources are used · Not all sources are appropriate and credible (4 are scholarly) · Information from sources makes up more than 10% but not more than 20% of the paper Formatting and Resources: 0 points · Not typed/set up in correct format · Appropriate documentation is not used in text · Appropriate bibliographic information is not given · Less than 6 sources are used · Sources are not appropriate and credible (
Travis Meserve ENG 300 November 21, 2017 Manufacturing of Aluminum – A Great Invention Introduction: Aluminum mixes have exhibited significant for countless. Around 5000 B.C, Persian potters made their most grounded vessels from earth that contained aluminum oxide. Old Egyptians and Babylonians used aluminum blends in surface hues, beautifiers, and pharmaceuticals. Regardless, it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that aluminum was perceived as a segment and isolated as an unadulterated metal. The inconvenience of removing aluminum from its ordinary blends kept the metal remarkable for quite a while; 50 years after its disclosure, it was still as unprecedented and huge as silver.
Thesis Statement: In 1884, 125 lb (60 kg) of aluminum was made in the United States, and it sold for about a comparable unit cost as silver. In 1995, U.S. plants conveyed 7.8 billion lb. (3.6 million metric tons) of aluminum, and the cost of silver was seventy-five crease the measure of as the cost of aluminum. Body: Aluminum blends occur in an extensive variety of soil, yet the metal that is most useful for conveying unadulterated aluminum is bauxite. Bauxite involves 45-60% aluminum oxide, close by various contaminating impacts, for instance, sand, press, and distinctive metals. Though some Travis Meserve Travis Meserve: This is not a sentence.
Travis Meserve Travis Meserve: word choice: why remarkable? why disclosure? why unprecedented and huge? these words are generally not used in these contexts. Travis Meserve Travis Meserve: This is not a thesis statement. These are just facts. Your thesis must be argumentative. Rashed1 bauxite stores are hard shake, most include fragile earth that is easily tunneled from open-pit mines.
Australia makes over 33% of the world's supply of bauxite. It takes around 4 lb. (2 kg) of bauxite to make 1 lb. (0.5 kg) of aluminum metal. Aluminum refining incorporates passing an electric current through a fluid electrolyte, it requires a great deal of electrical imperativeness. Everything considered, production of 2 lb. (1 kg) of aluminum requires 15 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of essentialness. The cost of energy addresses around 33% of the cost of refining aluminum.
Filtering of alumina into metallic aluminum occurs in a steel vat called a decreasing pot. The base of the pot is settled with carbon, which goes about as one anode (transport of electric current) of the system. The opposite terminals contain a course of action of carbon bars suspended over the pot; they are brought down into an electrolyte game plan and held around 1.5 in (3.8 cm) over the surface of the fluid aluminum that stores up on the floor of the pot. Abatement pots are organized in lines (plotlines) involving 50-200 pots that are related in game plan to outline an electric circuit. Each plotline can convey 66,,000 tons (60,,000 metric tons) of aluminum consistently.
A common purging plant involves a couple of plotlines. Aluminum manufacture is proficient in two stages: the Bayer procedure of refining the bauxite mineral to get aluminum oxide, and the Hall-Herold procedure of purifying the aluminum oxide to discharge unadulterated aluminum. Issue 1 The bauxite metal is mechanically pounded. At that point, the pulverized metal is blended with scathing pop and handled in a crushing plant to create a slurry (a watery suspension) containing fine particles of metal. The slurry is directed into a digester, a tank that capacities like a weight cooker.
The slurry is warmed to °F (°C) under a weight of 50 lb./in 2 (340 kappa). Rashed1 These conditions are kept up for a period running from 30 minutes to a few hours. Extra acidic pop might be added to guarantee that all aluminum-containing mixes are broken up. The hot slurry, which is currently a sodium aluminate arrangement, goes through a progression of glimmer tanks that decrease the weight and recoup warm that can be reused in the refining procedure. The slurry is drawn into a settling tank.
As the slurry rests in this tank, debasements that won't break up in the scathing pop settle to the base of the vessel. One maker thinks about this procedure to fine sand settling to the base of a glass of sugar water; the sugar does not settle out because it is broken up in the water, similarly as the aluminum in the settling tank stays disintegrated in the scathing pop. The deposit (called "red mud") that collects in the base of the tank comprises of fine sand, press oxide, and oxides of follow components like titanium. Issue 2: After the pollutions, have settled out, the staying fluid, which looks fairly like espresso, is pumped through a progression of fabric channels. Any fine particles of debasements that stay in the arrangement are caught by the channels.
This material is washed to recuperate alumina and harsh pop that can be reused. The separated fluid is pumped through a progression of six-story-tall precipitation tanks. Seed precious stones of alumina hydrate (alumina attached to water atoms) are included through the highest point of each tank. The seed gems develop as they settle through the fluid and disintegrated alumina appends to them. The precious stones hasten (settle to the base of the tank) and are evacuated.
In the wake of washing, they are exchanged to an oven for calcining (warming to discharge the water atoms that are synthetically clung to the alumina particles). A screw transport moves a ceaseless stream of gems into a turning, round and hollow furnace that is tilted to enable gravity to move the material through it. A temperature of 2,000° F (1,100° C) drives Rashed1 off the water particles, leaving anhydrous (waterless) alumina precious stones. After leaving the furnace, the precious stones go through a cooler. Issue 3: Refining of alumina into metallic aluminum happens in a steel vat called a lessening pot.
The base of the pot is fixed with carbon, which goes about as one cathode (transmitter of electric current) of the framework. The inverse terminals comprise of an arrangement of carbon bars suspended over the pot; they are brought down into an electrolyte arrangement and held around 1.5 in (3.8 cm) over the surface of the liquid aluminum that aggregates on the floor of the pot. Diminishment pots are masterminded in lines (plotlines) comprising of 50-200 pots that are associated in arrangement to frame an electric circuit. Each plotline can create 66,,000 tons (60,,000 metric tons) of aluminum every year. A run of the mill refining plant comprises of a few plotlines.
Inside the decrease pot, alumina gems are broken down in liquid rhyolite at a temperature of 1,760-1,780° F (° C) to frame an electrolyte arrangement that will direct power from the carbon bars to the carbon-lined bed of the pot. An immediate current (4-6 volts and 100,,000 amperes) is gone through the arrangement. The subsequent response breaks the bonds between the aluminum and oxygen particles in the alumina atoms. The oxygen that is discharged is pulled in to the carbon bars, where it shapes carbon dioxide. The liberated aluminum particles settle to the base of the pot as liquid metal.
The refining procedure is a persistent one, with more alumina being added to the rhyolite answer to supplant the decayed compound. A consistent electric current is kept up. Warmth created by the stream of power at the base terminal keeps the substance of the pot in a fluid state, yet an outside layer tends to shape on the liquid electrolyte. Intermittently, the outside layer is broken to enable more alumina to be included for handling. The unadulterated liquid aluminum aggregates Rashed1 at the base of the pot and is redirected.
The pots are worked 24 hours every day, seven days seven days. Conclusion: In every practical sense, most of the aluminum creators in the United States are people from the Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership (VAIP), an affiliation that works personally with the EPA to find answers for the tainting issues going up against the business. A vital convergence of research is the push to develop a sit still (artificially sit) terminal material for aluminum diminish pots. A titanium-digoride-graphite compound shows gigantic certification. Among the preferences foreseen that would come when this new advancement is fulfilled are transfer of the ozone draining substance transmissions and a 25% reducing in imperativeness use during the refining operation.
A pot is moved down the plotline, gathering 9,000 lb. (4,000 kg) of fluid aluminum, which is 99.8% unadulterated. The metal is traded to a holding radiator and after that cast (filled molds) as ingots. One standard method is to purge the fluid aluminum into a long, level shape. As the metal goes through the shape, the outside is cooled with water, influencing the aluminum to bond. The solid shaft ascends out of the furthest end of the shape, where it is sawed at appropriate between times to outline ingots of the pined for length.
Like the refining strategy itself, this tossing methodology is moreover steady. Rashed1 Work Cited: Alcoa Aluminum. (March 1999). Altepetl, Dietrich. Aluminum Viewed from Within: An Introduction into the Metallurgy of Aluminum Fabrication (English translation). Dusseldorf: Aluminium-Verlag, 1982.
Russell, Allen S. "Aluminum." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. Thompson, James V. "Alumina: Simple Chemistry—Complex Plants." Engineering & Mining Journal (February 1, 1995): 42 ff.
Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
Aluminum, a metal now ubiquitous in modern industries, has a fascinating history that dates back thousands of years. Its unique properties and wide range of applications have established it as one of the most important metals globally. The development of aluminum manufacturing processes, starting from early forms of aluminum-containing compounds to highly efficient modern methods, has significantly impacted technological progress and industrial development. This paper explores the historical evolution, extraction processes, and technological innovations involved in aluminum manufacturing, emphasizing its importance as a groundbreaking invention that transformed various sectors from aerospace to packaging.
Historical Context and Significance
The journey of aluminum from an exotic element to a widely accessible metal began around 5000 B.C., when Persian potters utilized aluminum oxide in their pottery glazes and decorative arts. The ancient Egyptians and Babylonians also employed aluminum compounds in cosmetics and medicines. Despite these early applications, aluminum remained largely unknown as a pure metal until the 19th century due to the difficulty in extracting it from its compounds. The breakthrough came in the mid-1800s when scientists developed methods to isolate aluminum, leading to its recognition as a valuable and scarce resource. Its initial high cost and relative scarcity positioned aluminum as a precious metal, often compared to silver in value.
The Modern Manufacturing Process
The contemporary production of aluminum involves complex extraction and refinement processes, primarily the Bayer process for refining bauxite ore and the Hall-Héroult process for smelting alumina into metallic aluminum. Bauxite, comprising 45-60% aluminum oxide intermingled with impurities such as silica, iron oxides, and titanium oxides, is the primary raw material. Australia accounts for over 33% of the world’s bauxite supply, with approximately 4 pounds of bauxite necessary to produce one pound of aluminum metal. The extraction process begins with crushing bauxite and mixing it with sodium hydroxide (scalding liming), then heating the mixture under high pressure to dissolve the alumina components into a sodium aluminate solution.
Following digestion, the slurry contains impurities like red mud, which are separated via settling tanks. The alumina-rich solution is then washed, filtered, and undergoes calcination in rotary furnaces at temperatures approaching 2,000°F to produce anhydrous alumina. This white powder serves as the precursor for smelting. The Hall-Héroult process involves dissolving alumina into molten cryolite inside electrolytic cells called reduction pots—furnaces fitted with carbon-lined cathodes and suspended carbon anodes. When a direct current passes through, it causes the electrochemical breakdown of alumina, releasing pure aluminum at the bottom of the pot and oxygen at the anodes.
Technological Innovation and Environmental Impact
Recent innovations aim to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. The development of new anode materials, such as titanium-digoride-graphite composites, promises significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Traditional aluminum smelting is highly energy-intensive, requiring approximately 15 kilowatt-hours per kilogram of aluminum, primarily due to the electrical demands of the electrolytic process. Efforts to develop sit-still cell technology and alternative energy sources are underway to minimize the ecological footprint of aluminum manufacturing.
Furthermore, industry collaborations like the Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership (VAIP) work closely with environmental agencies such as the EPA to implement cleaner production practices and reduce pollutants like perfluorocarbons, which have a major greenhouse effect. Recycling