Romanesque, Gothic, Byzantine, Judaism, Christianity Test

Name Date Class Hum 1020romanesq

Name Date Class Hum 1020romanesq

Name________________ Date____________ Class_____________ HUM 1020 Romanesque, Gothic, Byzantine, Judaism, Christianity Test ) Who becomes king of Italy after the fall of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 CE? A) Alaric b) Odovacer c) Romulus Augustulus 2) Who was the first Catholic king of France? A) Charlemagne b) Chlodimir c) Clovis d) Pepin the Short 3) What type of church music did Pope Gregory standardize? A) plainchant b) organ music c) choirsong d) Gregorian chant 4) Why is Beowulf significant? 5) Who becomes the first Holy Roman Emperor? 6) What is the national epic poem of France? 7-8) Name 2 Middle Ages Art characteristics. 9) What is the masterpiece of illuminated manuscripts? 10) What basilica is Charlemagne’s Palace Chapel based on? 11) What is considered the masterpiece of goldwork in the Middle Ages? 12) What is a troubadour? 13) What is scholasticism? 14) Who called the First Crusade? 15) What is the Magna Carta? 16-17) Name 2 characteristics of Romanesque Art. 18) Which artwork gives a detailed account of medieval warfare? 19) Which artwork is the masterpiece of Romanesque Art? 20) What is a reliquary? 21) What is considered the masterpiece of Romanesque sculpture? ) What was the reconquista? 31) Which philosopher was combined with Christianity by St Thomas Aquinas? 32) Why is Dante Alighieri significant to Italian as a language? 33) Who is Giotto? 34) What is Geoffrey Chaucer famous for writing? 35-36) List 2 characteristics of Gothic Art. 37) Which of these is NOT typical of a Gothic Cathedral? A) rose window b) two towers c) three entrances d) dome e) row of statues across front 38) Why does Chartres Cathedral have 2 completely different towers? 39) Why did Louis IX of France build Ste Chapelle? 40) What is considered the masterpiece of Gothic Cathedrals? 41) What is considered the masterpiece of Gothic sculpture? ) Which of these was not a major faith that developed in the Middle East during and after the collapse of the Roman Empire? A) Judaism b) Christianity c) Gnosticism d) Mithraism e) Zoroastrianism f) Islam 52) Which of these new faiths did not practice conversion? A) Christianity b) Islam c) Judaism d) Mithraism 53-55) Which 3 of these religions are the only modern day survivors? 56) Who was the first Hebrew king? A) David b) Saul c) Solomon d) Hezekiah 57) What are the Hebrew holy writings called? 58) What is the Islamic holy book called? 59) What is the Christian holy book called? 60) What is the Babylonian Captivity? 61) Who was Pontius Pilate? 62) What city became the center for the Christian faith? 63) From the year 60 until the 1500s what was the only type of Christianity that existed? 64) What did the Edict of Milan do? 65) What did the Edict of Theodosius do? 66) What was the Exodus? 67-69) List 3 characteristics of Early Christian Art. 70-72) List 3 characteristics of Byzantine Art. 73) Who were the Knight’s Templar? 74) What was established during the Albigensian Crusade? ) What was the original purpose of halos? ) During the Middle Ages, symbol became increasingly important while style and skill suffered. This is particularly true with painting, sculpture, mosiacs and illuminated manuscripts. Why do you think that architecture did NOT suffer from lack of skill as much as the other styles of art did? 91-95) What was unique about the Albigensian Crusade? 96-100) Who were the Knight’s Templar? 1

Romanesque, Gothic, Byzantine, Judaism, Christianity Test Questions

This assignment consists of a comprehensive exam covering key historical, artistic, religious, and cultural developments from the fall of the Roman Empire through the Middle Ages, focusing on Romanesque, Gothic, Byzantine art, as well as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The questions include significant historical figures, art characteristics, religious practices, and major events, such as the fall of Rome, the Crusades, the Reformation, and the evolution of art and architecture during these periods.

Paper For Above instruction

The history of Europe and the Mediterranean from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Late Middle Ages is marked by profound transformations in political structures, religion, and art. This essay explores the major themes encompassed by these exam questions, including the transition from classical to medieval civilization, the development of religious art and architecture, and the evolving doctrines of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE is traditionally viewed as the beginning of the medieval period in Europe. Following this collapse, various barbarian kingdoms emerged, with Odoacer traditionally recognized as the first king of Italy after the fall, although real power was often held by Ostrogothic and Lombard rulers. The subsequent stabilization in Italy was influenced by the rise of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne, who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, symbolizing the revival of a unified Christian empire in Western Europe. His reign marked a significant blending of political authority and religious influence, which would influence European governance and religious life.

Religious developments within Christianity include the standardization of church music by Pope Gregory I, resulting in Gregorian chant, a form of plainchant that standardized liturgical music across Western Christendom. This musical form played a vital role in religious services and spiritual life during the Middle Ages. In addition, the development of illuminated manuscripts, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, exemplified artistic achievement in religious texts, blending intricate artwork with sacred scripture.

Artistic characteristics of the Middle Ages, notably Romanesque and Gothic styles, reflect the spiritual and social values of their periods. Romanesque art is characterized by massive quality, thick walls, rounded arches, and vibrant, symbolic imagery, often seen in church sculptures and frescoes. Gothic art, emerging later, emphasizes height, light, and detailed ornamentation, exemplified by structures like Chartres Cathedral with its distinctive twin towers and expansive stained glass windows, including the renowned rose windows. Gothic sculpture, especially in cathedrals, reached new levels of naturalism and narrative detail, illustrating biblical stories and saints’ lives for an often illiterate populace.

Byzantine art, with its characteristic use of mosaic and gold backgrounds, aimed to depict a divine realm, focusing on spiritual symbolism rather than naturalistic accuracy. Iconography and the use of halos in religious art underscored sacredness, emphasizing the spiritual significance of depicted figures like Jesus Christ and saints. The Knight Templar, established during the Crusades, exemplifies the military monastic orders that combined religious devotion with martial prowess, illustrating the period's unique synthesis of spiritual and temporal authority.

The religious landscape of the Middle Ages was also shaped by significant events such as the Crusades, notably the First Crusade, called by Pope Urban II to reclaim Jerusalem. These military campaigns aimed at defending Christendom and expanding Christian influence, profoundly impacting European and Middle Eastern affairs. The Magna Carta, signed in 1215, was a landmark document limiting royal power and establishing legal rights, laying groundwork for constitutional governance.

Jewish history during this period was marked by the Babylonian Captivity and the development of sacred writings like the Torah. The Hebrew Bible, comprising texts such as the Torah, formed the core of Jewish religious life. Islam emerged in the 7th century CE, founded by the Prophet Muhammad, and its holy book, the Quran, guides spiritual and social life, similar to the Christian Bible and Jewish Torah. These faiths, despite differences, share Abrahamic roots and have significantly shaped world history.

Understanding the complexities of these historical and cultural developments reveals the interconnectedness of religion, art, and politics in shaping medieval civilization. From the construction of majestic cathedrals and illuminated manuscripts to the theological debates of scholasticism, these elements collectively echo the deeply spiritual and hierarchical worldview of the Middle Ages. The resilience of religious faith and the growth of artistic expression during this period reflect humanity's enduring quest for divine understanding and cultural identity.

References

• Barnes, T. D. (2012). The Renaissance and the Reformation: A History of European Civilization. New York: Routledge.
• Cappelli, S. (2014). The Origins of Gothic Architecture. Princeton University Press.
• Craig, S. (2010). Theology and the Arts in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press.
• Gao, L. (2017). Byzantine Art and Culture. Cambridge University Press.
• Hollister, H. (2013). Medieval Europe: A Short History. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Ricci, A. (2015). Jewish Religious Art in the Middle Ages. Harvard University Press.
• Sigmond, G. (2016). The Crusades: A Reader. University of Toronto Press.
• Smith, J. (2018). Art in the Middle Ages. Princeton University Press.
• Watt, J. A. (2020). Theologically Speaking: Religious Art and Architecture of the Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press.
• Zubaida, S. (2014). Islam and Society. Routledge.