Running Head Annotated Bibliographies

Running Head Annotated Bibliographiesrunning Head Annotated Biblio

Annotated Bibliographies Psych 665/Integrative Capstone: Psychology Past and Present University of Phoenix Professor : Campa, A., Sales Martinez, S., & Baum, M. (2017). Drug Addiction, Relapse and Recovery. Journal of Drug Abuse, 03(01). doi:10.21767/x.100042. This article gives us a perspective to the extent in which illegality of drug abuse has made it difficult to ascertain the extent to which drug abuse has affected individuals and communities is raised. Drug use has affected populations and specifically the youths to a great extent, more than we could imagine.

Based on statistics from the Centers of disease control, 10.2% of US population is involved in illegal drug use, youth involved at 22%. There has been an increase in death rates as a result of drug abuse. Some of the leading drugs abused included opioid and heroin. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities estimates that there are more than 2.8 million people with drug abuse disorders who use the Obama Care. In this article, the other Issues that have come up when attempting to correct this problem.

Whereas there have been milestones made such as the use of Methadone as treatment for opioid addiction, there has been concerns in America of HIV transmissions due to exchange of needles among illicit drug users. Abstinence and prevention programs has been the new roadmap on the effort to reduce the drug abuse problem. Chakravarthy, Bharath; Shah, Shyam; & Lotfipour, Shahram. (2013). Adolescent drug abuse – Awareness & prevention. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 137(6), . UC Irvine: Institute for Clinical and Translational Science. pmcid:. Retrieved from: This article by Chakravarthy et al gives a perspective to the extent that drug abuse has affected the world. It explains that may adults have become victims to illicit drug abuse and that this problem however dates back to their younger days as adolescents. Many adults learnt to abuse drugs while they were adolescents. A lot of funds have been spent on treatment of drug addictions.

Drug abuse creates not only a burden to society but also has been one of the highest causes of deaths. These deaths have been caused directly by an overdose of drugs such as heroin and cocaine and also due to accidents that occur when people are under the influence of these drugs. Also the effects that these drugs have had on adolescents cannot be underestimated. Drug abuse has been the cause of problems among youth such as school dropout, depression and teenage pregnancy. However, the problem of substance abuse can be addressed by reducing the risk factors and enhancing protective factors through prevention programs.

There are several factors that may initiate an adolescent into drug abuse such as the socio-economic status, peer group influence, quality of parenting, and biological/inherent predisposition towards drug abuse. This problem needs to be addressed early enough before that habit graduates into adulthood. The general framework used in this article is based on research presented by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA). Beynon, C. M. (2009). Drug use and ageing: older people do take drugs! Age and Ageing, 38(1), 8-10. doi:10.1093/ageing/afn251 According to this research, the number of older people that is above the age of fifty engaging in drug abuse has increased in the United States of America and in Europe. It may seem that only the young take drugs but the truth is far from that in that now older people are involved. This is because of the fact that the general populations in this continent are aging. This is one of the reasons explained and has been supported by statistical evidence.

The truth however is that many young people and adults abuse drugs and they continue as they age. Therefore, it may seem that older people are engaging more than ever in drug abuse. The other reason that explains the increase in old people abusing drugs is that over the last 30 years there has been effective treatment and harm minimization and general advancements in medicine that has seen the life expectancy of drug abusers increase. This research recommended that age-appropriate screening and diagnostic tools need to be developed and treatment programs accustomed to dealing with young drug users must adapt to meet the needs of their older counterparts. Kuerbis, A., Moore, A. A., Sacco, P., & Zanjani, F. (2016). Future Directions for Aging and Alcohol. Alcohol and Aging, . doi: 10.1007/_17 This article states that there are an increasing number of old people abusing drugs more than the other decades, basically, because attitudes of earlier generations were reserved in terms of substance abuse. Therefore, there needs to be effective and efficient treatments for people of old age (OA). In regard to the future there needs to be advancements in policy, research, and practice initiatives in the area of alcohol and aging.

Alcohol remains the most used substance among OA. Illicit drug use is more common in America more than any other part of the world. With population aging, the health care systems need to prepare to address the problems of OA. Misuse of prescription among OA is prevalent. Therefore, the number of people needing substance abuse treatment (SAT) is expected to continue increasing.

Despite this increase, the research sector has not caught up, it is daunting. This is one of the major holdbacks in SAT. The belief that older people do not abuse drugs, has held back the field of SAT in OA. It has also made OA who have drug related ailments, shy away from seeking medical assistance. OA have also been excluded from landmark SAT studies, such as Project MATCH.

Based on literature reviews, OA treatment seekers are heterogeneous, with generally lower severity of alcohol problems than younger cohorts, even at the same levels of alcohol dependence. Based on this reviews, only two studies directly compared mixed-age and age-specific treatments, while both utilizing samples from a veteran population. The results showed significant differences between the two program types on outcomes, those involved in the age-specific program were more likely to stay in and finish the treatments. While the rates of relapse were similar to both groups, the age-specific participants were more supposed to have successfully treated relapses. Shi, J., Li, S., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Foll, B. L., Zhang, X., … Lu, L. (2009). Time-Dependent Neuroendocrine Alterations and Drug Craving during the First Month of Abstinence in Heroin Addicts. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35(5), . doi:10.1080/ This study examines the problem of drug relapse among people practicing drug abstinence when subjected to drug related cues. This study seeks to find out whether drug cues affected decision making and craving in different heroin addicts in different time periods of abstinence. 75 male participants were given 5 minutes of exposure to drug-associated cues while decision making performance, blood pressure, heart rate, craving and emotional state pre- and post-exposure were assessed.

Based on the results of this research, drug related cues had an impact on the decisions and craving of the drug addicts. These people experienced rapid heart rates, increased blood pressure and portrayed an overall change in their emotions. Therefore, the drug related cues altered the decisions making process and cravings of heroin addicts at different stages of recovery.

Paper For Above instruction

Annotated bibliographies play a crucial role in academic research by providing comprehensive summaries and evaluations of relevant scholarly sources. In the context of psychology and drug addiction, these bibliographies help in synthesizing current knowledge, identifying gaps in research, and guiding future studies. The collection of references provided in this assignment covers various facets of drug abuse, relapse, prevention, and treatment across different populations, including adolescents, adults, and older adults.

The article by Campa, Sales Martinez, and Baum (2017) explores the complexities of drug addiction, emphasizing the challenges caused by the illegal status of substance use. It highlights statistical data indicating the prevalence of drug use in the United States, with a particular focus on vulnerable populations like youth. The authors discuss the rise in drug-related deaths, particularly involving opioids and heroin, and address issues related to treatment accessibility and public health concerns such as HIV transmission among intravenous drug users. This source underscores the importance of prevention programs and harm reduction strategies in addressing drug addiction (Campa et al., 2017).

Chakravarthy, Shah, and Lotfipour (2013) extend this discussion by focusing on adolescent drug abuse, an age group at high risk for developing long-term substance use disorders. They consider socio-economic, peer, familial, and biological factors contributing to drug initiation in youth. Their emphasis on prevention highlights the potential of early intervention and education to mitigate the progression of substance abuse into adulthood. This article advocates for targeted programs that address risk factors specific to adolescents and the importance of early detection (Chakravarthy et al., 2013).

The demographic shift towards an aging population has led researchers like Beynon (2009) and Kuerbis et al. (2016) to examine drug use among older adults. Beynon’s study reveals an increasing trend of drug consumption among individuals over fifty, driven by aging populations and advances in medical care that improve longevity. This change necessitates tailored treatment approaches that consider age-related physiological differences. Kuerbis et al. further discuss the prevalence of alcohol and prescription drug misuse among older adults, emphasizing the need for policy initiatives and age-appropriate treatment models (Beynon, 2009; Kuerbis et al., 2016).

In the context of relapse and recovery, Shi et al. (2009) investigate neuroendocrine changes and craving behavior during abstinence from heroin. Their findings demonstrate that drug-related cues significantly influence decision-making processes and physiological responses, such as heart rate and blood pressure, in recovering addicts. These results contribute to a better understanding of relapse triggers and can inform the development of relapse prevention interventions. The study’s focus on the biological and emotional responses during early abstinence stages adds a valuable dimension to addiction research (Shi et al., 2009).

Overall, these sources collectively underscore the multifaceted nature of drug addiction across different ages and populations. They highlight the necessity of comprehensive prevention, treatment, and relapse prevention strategies that are tailored to specific demographic and individual needs. Future research should continue to explore innovative approaches that address biological, psychological, and social determinants of substance use disorders, improving outcomes for individuals across the lifespan.

References

  • Campa, A., Sales Martinez, S., & Baum, M. (2017). Drug Addiction, Relapse and Recovery. Journal of Drug Abuse, 03(01). https://doi.org/10.21767/x.100042
  • Chakravarthy, B., Shah, S., & Lotfipour, S. (2013). Adolescent drug abuse – Awareness & prevention. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 137(6). UC Irvine: Institute for Clinical and Translational Science. Retrieved from
  • Beynon, C. M. (2009). Drug use and ageing: older people do take drugs! Age and Ageing, 38(1), 8-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn251
  • Kuerbis, A., Moore, A. A., Sacco, P., & Zanjani, F. (2016). Future Directions for Aging and Alcohol. Alcohol and Aging. https://doi.org/10.1007/_17
  • Shi, J., Li, S., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Foll, B. L., Zhang, X., & Lu, L. (2009). Time-Dependent Neuroendocrine Alterations and Drug Craving during the First Month of Abstinence in Heroin Addicts. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/

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