Running Head: Detailed Bibliography

Running Head Detailed Bibliography

This paper is being submitted on December 15, 2017 Sherry Kamrowski’s American Religious History G333/REL3131 course

Paper For Above instruction

The comprehensive exploration of Billy Graham’s influence on American religious life, his character, and his timeline reveals the profound impact he has had on global evangelism and civil rights. Billy Graham, born in 1918 in Charlotte, North Carolina, emerged as one of the most influential evangelical figures of the 20th century, whose work transcended religious boundaries to influence political, social, and cultural spheres. This paper synthesizes scholarly biographies, historical analyses, and multimedia sources to present an detailed account of Graham’s life, character, and enduring legacy.

Billy Graham’s early life was marked by a personal transformation that set the stage for his evangelistic mission. His birth on November 7, 1918, on his grandfather’s farm, the moral conflicts experienced during childhood, and his subsequent spiritual awakening at age 16 in 1934, laid the foundation of his lifelong dedication to Christianity (Aikman, 2007). Graham’s educational journey through Sharon grammar school, Bob Jones Bible College, Florida Bible College, and Wheaton College equipped him with theological and rhetorical skills that propelled his evangelistic efforts. His early ministry as a pastor and college president sharpened his leadership qualities and set the groundwork for his global crusades (Gibbs & Ostling, 1990).

The phenomenon of Billy Graham’s evangelism is best exemplified by his groundbreaking revival meetings, beginning with his 1949 campaign in Los Angeles that lasted eight weeks and drew thousands (Gibbs & Ostling, 1990). His strategic use of media—radio, television, and later, the internet—expanded his reach exponentially. The founding of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association in 1950 formalized his ministry and enabled him to organize over 400 crusades across more than 185 countries, reaching millions (Miller, 2009). His ability to adapt to modern communication tools exemplifies his innovative approach to evangelism, emphasizing personal salvation and spiritual renewal.

Graham’s influence extended beyond the pulpit into the political arena and civil rights movements. Notably, he challenged racial segregation during his crusades, famously breaking down racial barriers by allowing Black ministers to participate and setting an example for integration (Miller, 2009). His interactions with U.S. presidents such as Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon reflected the close ties between religion and politics during the Cold War era. Graham’s advisory roles and participation in political discourse exemplify his dual influence as a spiritual leader and a civic actor (Horstman, 2002). Despite his engagement in politics, Graham maintained a stance emphasizing spiritual over political matters, although he often navigated complex religious-political relationships.

The character of Billy Graham, often depicted as humble, resolute, and dedicated, played a crucial role in his widespread appeal. His perseverance in face of challenges, including the controversy over modernism versus fundamentalism and the criticisms from conservative factions, demonstrated resilience and unwavering commitment to his mission (Wolo Rasmussen, 2017). Graham’s ability to maintain focus amidst opposition and his acknowledgment of God’s supremacy highlight his spiritual humility and integrity, inspiring millions worldwide.

The timeline of Billy Graham’s life encapsulates milestones from his early evangelism, civil rights advocacy, political engagement, and legacy. His first crusade in 1948 in Grand Rapids marked the beginning of a prolific career that included notable campaigns in Moscow and across the United States. His efforts to oppose racial segregation in the 1950s, and his political engagement during major elections, exemplify his active role in shaping societal values. His numerous awards—including the Congressional Gold Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and honorary knighthood—highlight recognition at the highest levels of society, reflecting his profound impact (Gibbs & Ostling, 1999).

In conclusion, Billy Graham’s life exemplifies a unique blend of spiritual dedication, social influence, and political engagement. His life’s work demonstrates the power of faith to bridge divides, inspire social change, and influence global affairs. His perseverance through societal and doctrinal controversies exemplifies a steadfast commitment to his evangelical mission, leaving an indelible mark on American religious life and beyond. Graham’s legacy continues to serve as an inspiration for contemporary evangelism, civil rights, and interfaith dialogue, showcasing the enduring relevance of his teachings and character.

References

• Aikman, D. (2007). Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Thomas Nelson Publishers.
• Gibbs, N., & Ostling, R. N. (1993). God's Billy Pulpit. Time Magazine.
• Gibbs, N., & Ostling, R. N. (1999). Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South. University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Horstman, B. M. (2002, June 27). Billy Graham: A Man with a Mission. The Cincinnati Post.
• Miller, S. P. (2009). Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South. University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Wolo Rasmussen, Weltee. (2017). American Religious Life. Rasmussen College.
• Church & State. (2011, March). Evangelist Billy Graham Says He Now Regrets Involvement In Politics. Retrieved from [URL]
• Trinity Broadcasting Network. (2016). Billy Graham Classics. Retrieved from [URL]
• Billy Graham Biography. (2017, February 09). Retrieved from [URL]
• Irimia, R., & Gottschling, M. (2016). Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal, 4, e7720. doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720