Selecting Appropriate Analysis Techniques For Studies

Selecting Appropriate Analysis Techniques For Studiesques

Exercise 23: Selecting Appropriate Analysis Techniques for Studies Questions to Be Graded Name: Class: Date: : A researcher surveyed two groups of professionals, nurse practitioners and physicians, and asked them whether or not they supported expanding the role of nurse practitioners’ (NPs) prescribing privileges, answered as either “yes” or “no.” Her research question is: Is there a difference between NPs and physicians on proportions of support for expanded prescription privileges? What is the appropriate statistic to address the research question? Answer: - 2: What statistic would be appropriate for an associational research question involving the correlation between two non-normally distributed, skewed continuous variables? Answer: - 3: A researcher is interested in the extent to which years of practice among NPs predicts level of support for expanded prescription privileges, measured on a 10-point Likert scale. She finds that both variables, years of practice and level of support, are normally distributed. Her research question is: Does years of practice among NPs predict level of support for expanded prescription privileges? What is the appropriate statistic to address the research question? Answer: - 4: What statistic would be appropriate for a difference research question involving the comparison of two independent groups on a normally distributed continuous dependent variable? Answer: - 5: A statistics professor tests her students’ level of knowledge at the beginning of the semester and administers the same test at the end of the semester. She compares the two sets of continuous scores. Her research question is: Is there a difference in statistics knowledge from the beginning to the end of the semester? What is the appropriate statistic to address the research question, if the scores are normally distributed? Answer: - 6: What is the appropriate statistic to address the research question in Question 5 if the scores are NOT normally distributed? Answer: - 7: What is the appropriate statistic to identify the association between two dichotomous variables, where the researcher is interested in identifying the odds of an outcome occurring? Answer: - 8: In the case of a skewed, continuous dependent variable? Answer: - 9: A nurse educator is interested in the difference between traditional clinical instruction in pediatrics and simulated pediatrics instruction in a BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) program. She randomizes students to receiving 50 hours of either traditional clinical rotations in a pediatrics department or 50 hours of simulated instruction in pediatrics. At the end of the 50 hours, the students are assessed for clinical competency in pediatrics using a standardized instrument that yields a pass/fail result. Her research question is: Is there a difference in between the traditional clinical group and the simulation group on rates of passing the competency assessment? What is the appropriate statistic to address the research question? Answer: - 10: What statistic would be appropriate for an associational research question involving the extent to which a set of variables predict a continuous, normally distributed dependent variable? Answer: - Powered by TCPDF ( s_name: Prof. Dillard sclass: NUR 416 Case Study: Healing and Autonomy Mike and Joanne are the parents of James and Samuel, identical twins born 8 years ago. James is currently suffering from acute glomerulonephritis, kidney failure. James was originally brought into the hospital for complications associated with a strep throat infection. The spread of the A streptococcus infection led to the subsequent kidney failure. James’s condition was acute enough to warrant immediate treatment. Usually cases of acute glomerulonephritis caused by strep infection tend to improve on their own or with an antibiotic. However, James also had elevated blood pressure and enough fluid buildup that required temporary dialysis to relieve. The attending physician suggested immediate dialysis. After some time of discussion with Joanne, Mike informs the physician that they are going to forego the dialysis and place their faith in God. Mike and Joanne had been moved by a sermon their pastor had given a week ago, and also had witnessed a close friend regain mobility when she was prayed over at a healing service after a serious stroke. They thought it more prudent to take James immediately to a faith healing service instead of putting James through multiple rounds of dialysis. Yet, Mike and Joanne agreed to return to the hospital after the faith healing services later in the week, and in hopes that James would be healed by then. Two days later the family returned and was forced to place James on dialysis, as his condition had deteriorated. Mike felt perplexed and tormented by his decision to not treat James earlier. Had he not enough faith? Was God punishing him or James? To make matters worse, James's kidneys had deteriorated such that his dialysis was now not a temporary matter and was in need of a kidney transplant. Crushed and desperate, Mike and Joanne immediately offered to donate one of their own kidneys to James, but they were not compatible donors. Over the next few weeks, amidst daily rounds of dialysis, some of their close friends and church members also offered to donate a kidney to James. However, none of them were tissue matches. James’s nephrologist called to schedule a private appointment with Mike and Joanne. James was stable, given the regular dialysis, but would require a kidney transplant within the year. Given the desperate situation, the nephrologist informed Mike and Joanne of a donor that was an ideal tissue match, but as of yet had not been considered—James’s brother Samuel. Mike vacillates and struggles to decide whether he should have his other son Samuel lose a kidney or perhaps wait for God to do a miracle this time around. Perhaps this is where the real testing of his faith will come in? Mike reasons, “This time around it is a matter of life and death. What could require greater faith than that?” © 2020. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. 4 ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition Student A. Sample Grand Canyon University: 1 Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition This is an electronic template for papers written in APA style (American Psychological Association, 2010). The purpose of the template is to help the student set the margins and spacing. Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The type is left-justified only—that means the left margin is straight, but the right margin is ragged. Each paragraph is indented five spaces. It is best to use the tab key to indent. The line spacing is double throughout the paper, even on the reference page. One space is used after punctuation at the end of sentences. The font style used in this template is Times New Roman and the font size is 12. First Heading The heading above would be used if you want to have your paper divided into sections based on content. This is the first level of heading, and it is centered and bolded with each word of four letters or more capitalized. The heading should be a short descriptor of the section. Note that not all papers will have headings or subheadings in them. First Subheading The subheading above would be used if there are several sections within the topic labeled in a heading. The subheading is flush left and bolded, with each word of four letters or more capitalized. Second Subheading APA dictates that you should avoid having only one subsection heading and subsection within a section. In other words, use at least two subheadings under a main heading, or do not use any at all. When you are ready to write, and after having read these instructions completely, you can delete these directions and start typing. The formatting should stay the same. However, one item that you will have to change is the page header, which is placed at the top of each page along with the page number. The words included in the page header should be reflective of the title of your paper, so that if the pages are intermixed with other papers they will be identifiable. When using Word 2003, double click on the words in the page header. This should enable you to edit the words. You should not have to edit the page numbers. In addition to spacing, APA style includes a special way of citing resource articles. See the APA manual for specifics regarding in-text citations. The APA manual also discusses the desired tone of writing, grammar, punctuation, formatting for numbers, and a variety of other important topics. Although the APA style rules are used in this template, the purpose of the template is only to demonstrate spacing and the general parts of the paper. The student will need to refer to the APA manual for other format directions. GCU has prepared an APA Style Guide available in the Student Writing Center for additional help in correctly formatting according to APA style. The reference list should appear at the end of a paper (see the next page). It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. A sample reference page is included below; this page includes examples of how to format different reference types (e.g., books, journal articles, information from a website). The examples on the following page include examples taken directly from the APA manual. References American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A practical guide for new school administrators . Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology , 24 , . doi:10.1037/.24.2.225 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. ). Retrieved from health/prof/asthma/asth_sch.pdf CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 3 CASE STUDY GCU PHI-413 Joshua M. Garcia June 21, 2020 Part 1: Chart Medical Indications Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Patient Preferences Autonomy Medical indications are facts, views, opinions, and interpretations concerning the patient’s physical and psychological condition that offer a reasonable basis for therapeutical activities and diagnostics aimed at determining the overall goal for medication such as care and cure for the illness that the patient is suffering from. Beneficence focuses more on doing no harm. Healthcare providers vow to take care of the patient without harming or causing them pain. For autonomy, James’ parents wanted to wait for healing from God before trying the dialysis. We respect the choice that they made. Many health care practices can have an effect on autonomy. Quality of Life Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy Contextual Features Justice and Fairness Quality of life is the joy, comfort and standard of health that an individual experiences or feels. When James’ condition became worse his parents took him to the healthcare facility. Once he received dialysis, he felt better. When his parents found out that he is going to need a kidney transplant and the only match was his son. The parents decided to talk to their sons and see what they think concerning the situation. In addition, they also decided to pray. The majority of the Christians will take their burdens and pain to God for help before they can make a final decision or consider the medical options. Although James had a perfect match, the parents still wanted to pray and see if God is going to give them another option or heal his son. The two children were eight years old. The parents were worried that if James’ twin brother has the same issue, they would not be able to help him. This is not an easy decision to make. Part 2 Question 1 Based on the Christian worldview, the most important principle is Beneficence. This means evaluating the benefits of the treatment or medication against the risks. In this case, Mike and Joanne’s initiatives were only intended with the best health outcome for the sick child. One of their close friends regained mobility after a stroke. This strengthened their faith in healing. Moreover, they decide to pray for their son. Although they sought medical advice and treatment, they preferred healing from prayer since they had faith. In addition, James’ parents sought no harm to their son. When they saw that the situation was getting worse, they decided to bring the child to a health care facility for treatment. Healthcare professionals decide to take good care of the patients without causing them any harm. It is essential that James received care and treatment in a timely manner from the doctors and nurses. The healthcare providers were able to save his life. His parents are Christians, and they want to trust in God for healing. They believe that God will take care of their son. As a nurse, it is important to remind the parent that God is knowledge, and through the doctors and nurses, he can heal the physical disease. The parents want the best for their children. Joanne and Mike want the child to be better. However, if the situation gets worse, they should not blame themselves since they did their best Beneficence is important because it inspires a higher standard of nursing performance, (Butts & Rich, 2019). Question 2 From a Christian perspective, the four principles can be ranked by having Beneficence at the top, followed by non-maleficence, justice, and autonomy. This ranking is based on the fact that parents have unconditional and selfless love for their children. Every decision that parents make on behalf of the child is with the best intention in mind, and it is based on the principle of autonomy. Furthermore, parents also ensure that they do not cause any harm to their children. It is not easy for the parents to allow James’ twin brother to donate his kidney. This is in line with the principle of non-maleficence. Christians have an obligation to be fair and just while engaging with other people. Generally, Christians should encourage autonomy by allowing other people to make their choices. Beneficence means that doctors and nurses should cause no harm to the patient. Health care professionals owe their patients the exceptional obligation of care. Any health action that is performed should not cause harm, pain, or injury to the patient. However, it must be for the patient benefit. Parents care, raise, and love their children unconditionally and selflessly. Autonomy recognizes that individuals have the right to make their own choices, take actions based on their belief system, morals as well as values. Everyone has their own view concerning the treatment and medication options. In addition, justice involves treating everybody equitable and fairly. These four principles are beneficial. The principles correspond to the values. However, autonomy may be affected by religious and cultural beliefs (Chadwick & Gallagher, 2016). References Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2019). Nursing ethics. Jones & Bartlett Learning. Chadwick, R., & Gallagher, A. (2016). Ethics and nursing practice. Macmillan International Higher Education.

Paper For Above instruction

The selection of appropriate analysis techniques is crucial in nursing research as it determines the validity, reliability, and overall credibility of the study findings. Choosing the correct statistical methods depends on the nature of the research question, type of data collected, and the distribution of variables involved. This paper explores various statistical techniques suitable for different research designs and data types commonly encountered in nursing research, with an emphasis on comparing and selecting the most appropriate methods for specific scenarios.

In the first scenario, a researcher aims to determine whether there is a difference between nurse practitioners (NPs) and physicians regarding their support for expanding prescribing privileges. The data collected are categorical, with responses of "yes" or "no" from two independent groups. The appropriate statistical test here is the Chi-square test of independence because it assesses whether there is a significant association between two categorical variables. This test compares the observed frequencies of support versus non-support in each group to the expected frequencies if there were no association, thus addressing the research question effectively (Polit & Beck, 2017).

For the second scenario involving the correlation between two continuous variables, the selection of the correlation coefficient depends on the distribution of data. When both variables are non-normally distributed and skewed, the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is appropriate. Unlike Pearson’s correlation, Spearman’s does not assume normality and is less affected by outliers or skewed data (Funder & Ozer, 2019). It assesses the monotonic relationship—whether one variable tends to increase or decrease as the other does—without requiring linearity or normal distribution assumptions.

The third scenario involves examining whetherYears of practice among NPs predict their level of support for expanded prescription privileges, measured on a Likert scale. Despite the Likert scale data, the researcher finds that both variables are normally distributed, justifying the use of Pearson’s correlation coefficient to measure the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the two continuous variables (Field, 2018). This approach helps clarify whether more experienced NPs tend to be more supportive of expanding prescribing rights.

When comparing two independent groups on a normally distributed continuous dependent variable, the independent samples t-test is the appropriate choice. In this context, the researcher compares the clinical competency scores of students receiving traditional clinical instruction versus simulated instruction. The t-test evaluates whether there is a statistically significant difference in mean scores between the two groups (Levine et al., 2019). It presumes normally distributed data and homogeneity of variances, which should be tested prior to analysis.

If the scores are not normally distributed in this scenario, the Mann-Whitney U test offers a non-parametric alternative. This test compares the median ranks of the two groups without assuming normality, making it suitable when data are skewed or ordinal (Gibbons & Chakraborti, 2011). It addresses the same research question—whether the two instructional methods differ significantly in terms of passing rates—without the constraints of parametric assumptions.

In the case of assessing the association between two dichotomous variables, the odds ratio derived from a 2x2 contingency table is the measure of interest when interested in the odds of an outcome. Logistic regression further allows modeling the probability of an event based on predictor variables, providing insight into how the set of variables influences the continuous dependent variable. It’s especially useful when the outcome of interest is binary, such as pass/fail in competency assessment (Hosmer et al., 2013).

When the dependent variable is skewed, the choice of analysis depends on whether the data transformation or specific non-parametric methods are suitable. For example, if analyzing a skewed continuous dependent variable, transformations like log or square root may normalize data, which then permits parametric tests. Alternatively, non-parametric regression techniques such as Spearman’s rank correlation or quantile regression can be employed to analyze relationships or differences