Southern Africa South African Environment Geography Climate

Southern Africasouth African Environmentgeographyclimateethnic Groups

Southern Africa South African Environment Geography Climate Ethnic Groups Before European Contact San Khoikhoi Civilization A More Settled People Nguni & Sotho Nguni: Xhosa, Thembu, Mpondo, Zulu, Ndebele Sotho: Basotho, Pedi, Lobedu, Ch Civilization Arrival of Europeans Bartholomew Diaz (1488) arrived Cape, but returned 1497 Vasco da Gama Dutch East India Company 1651- appointment of Jan van Riebeeck 1652- arrived at the Cape-Table bay White Invaders: Shaping of Cape Society to ) Introduction: B. Diaz, Vasco da Gama Netherlands: East India Company (VOC) Jan Van Riebeck 2) Frontier Struggle: Leaders, Cultivators, Pastoral Farmers Dutch versus Khoikhoi & San Frontier Wars 1659, 1667 Struggle over cattle Tactics of Dutch (divide and conquer) Decline of Khoikhoi.

Why? Significance 3) Emergence of Cape Colored Cape Society under VOC Monopoly, slavery, class division Eastern Frontier: White Settlers and Bantu People Introduction: Cooperation and conflict Initial contact: economic pleasure, political, religion Intermediaries: Khoisan Frontier struggle: stages Dutch/ Xhosa Wars 1778: Baron Joachim van Plettenberg and Gwali Chief 1781: Adrian van Jaarsveld atrocities 1786: Graaff-Reinet distinct GB intervenes Cape Governor and Labor Policy 1809 Hottentot Proclamation 1828 Ordinance 50 Missionaries: Agents of Conquest 1820: Albany: Cultural Assimilation African reaction to conquest Witch craft, diviners, 1856: cattle killing, Nongqawuse; fragmentation Conflicts/ White view of Africans Cape Society under GB Rise of the Zulu Kingdom Introduction Dingisawayo versus Chief jobe of Mthethwa Rise of shaka a) Background: Senzangakona & Nandi b)1815: Chief of the Zulus political organization military establishment conquest (Mfecane) achievements c) Decline, 1824: H.

Fynn, F. Farewell, N. Isaacs 1828, Dingane d) Consequences of Mfecane depopulation, displacement Zulu rise to dominance Moshoeshoe & Sotho Mzilikzi & Ndebele The Great Trek a) reasons b) Events: fought Nebele, fought Zulus , death of Dingane c) Consequences -land, conquest, end of SA frontier - Trekker Communities: struggled to secure independence from the British - Sand River Convention, 1852: the GB agreed to recognize the independence of the Boers north of the Vaal (Transvaal) Bloemfontein Convention, 1854: GB withdrew and handed power over to the Boers who renamed the region Orange Free State Study Guide for PAD 631 Final Exam: September 2016 The Final Exam, worth 40 points (20% of your grade), will consist of 15 Multiple-Choice and true false questions (1 point each, total 15 points) and five essay questions (worth up to 5 points each, total 25 points). You will have one hour and thirty minutes to complete the exam. Even though the exam is open book/open note you are encouraged to spend time in advance of the exam reviewing the concepts to ensure you have a good handle on the definitions and can relate the concepts to current events. You are also required to have reviewed a General Plan from your city or a city that is of interest to you before the exam and have it accessible to you during the exam. Essay responses must be in your own words, not taken verbatim from the textbook, on-line lectures or outside sources and must be a minimum of eight (complete and meaningful) sentences in length. Similar to the midterm, the essay questions will be multifaceted and each section will require a separate analysis (not combined all together as they will be about distinct issue). Definitions and concepts from the following list will be covered in the multiple-choice and true/false questions: · Definition, history and who is involved in planning (including planning commissions, professional planners, property owners and citizens) · Activities involved in planning · Roles of counties vs. cities in land use planning · Roles of Planning Commissions vs. Planning Departments · Roles of citizens in the planning process · General Plans, Comprehensive Plans and the elements of these plans (i.e. land use, circulation, etc) · Zoning · Eminent Domain · Environmental Impact Reports · Conditional Use Permits · Variances · Sprawl · Transit oriented development · Smart Growth · Economic development Issues from the following list will be covered in essay questions: 1. Planning (overall discussion based on material from throughout the course) 2. Core functions of a planner 3. General Plans (you will want to have a plan for your community or that of interest to you for reference) 4. How planning and development activities incorporates broad social goals of society 5. Economic Development 6. Smart Growth Jihads of the Western Sudan Introduction: reasons Leaders and their wars Usman Dan Fodio – Fulani invaded Hausaland, Gobir- Sokoto Caliphate i) achievements, why? Ahmadu Lobbo – Macina – Upper Niger Impact of Jihads is spread of Islam Social: revolutionary replaced the pre-Jihad Migration, etc Collapse of the Oyo Empire Collapse of Oyo led to series of war, former states trying to take over the place of Oyo Yoruba Wars: major Yoruba states- Ijaye, Ibadan States and Societies in Middle Africa in the 19th Century Introduction Area include today’s Gabon, Congo, Angola, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, & Burundi People: forest part was the habitat of Bantu speaking people who formed most of the population of Middle Africa People grew bananas, maize, & pastoral agriculture Kingdoms/Empires Kongo The kingdom’s greatest days was the 15th and 16th centuries Had a powerful king, agricultural, etc.

Slavery, then came the Portuguese Kingdom declined from the mid 17th century Lunda Empire Located to the south east around the time the Kongo, empire declined in the 19th century. Traded ivory, slaves, beads, salt Portuguese came, etc Kingdoms/Empires Luba & Kuba Located eastwards towards Lake Tanganyika - also exploit ivory, copper, palm oil, and fish Luba society noted for copper and their elaborate music By 1870, Luba declined after ivory declined Inter-Lacustrine Kingdom Inter-Lacustrine Kingdoms that grew between the Great Lakes of east Africa – they include Buganda, Bunyoro, Toro, Nkore, Haya, Rwanda, Burundi The kingdoms rivaled each other: struggled for domination Kingdoms/Empires Tanzania & Kenya Bantu speaking people.

Problems involved land – fertility During the 19th century Bantu speaking people (such as Kikuyu) began to hold the Masai in check Overall, middle kingdom people focused on daily struggles, issues of nature, annual planting & harvesting, food supply, etc. Revolutions & Colonial Conquest of Middle Africa Introduction Increasingly in the 19th Century middle Africa was linked to global economy. 1st slavery gave way to demands for commodities such as palm oil, ivory, rubber, wax Chokwe, Ovimbundu, Nyamwezi, & Swahili trading empires Shipping & commerce increased More firearms brought in - making war bloodier Sayyid Said & Zanzibar Commerce Trading communities had remained on same spot for years. Mostly mixed African & Arab blood who settled in places such as Kilwa, Mombasa, Zanzibar, intermarried - made homes there - Swahili 19th Century: Indian traders became more established in the area. Many were agents from firms with money to invest. Arabs from the Persian Gulf also came to trade. This new influx was presided by Sayyid Said, Sultan of Oman in Arabia After 1820, Said sought to enlarge his empire in East Africa. Visited Zanzibar several times and in 1840 established his capital there. Controlled most of the area between Mombasa and Cape Delgado Cemented relations with Indian businessmen to exploit the inferior. Clove plantations owned by Arabs but backed by Indian capitalists Trade Flourished Nyamwezi & Arab traders Though trade in the coast flourished & expanded, those who provided guides and carried goods to the interior were mostly Nyamwezi in the western Tanzania. Nyamwezi had developed many of the trade routes linking the east and the Kingdoms of the west. 1839. Sayyid Said signed a commercial treaty with the Nyamwezi stating that Nyamwezi agreed to allow Caravans to pass through their territory. But the Caravan later grew larger, resulting in conflict. Jihads of the Western Sudan, Traditional African Religion and Islam, 7th century & beyond, how & why contextualize Orthodox Muslim, Pillars of Islam, way of life Rejection of traditional leaders by Muslims, high taxes imposed by local leaders Fulani Muslims– rose quickly Usman dan Fodio--- led jihad in Hausa land, Received support from many of the Fulani groups, united but Hausa remained divided 1810- Hausa land had fallen under control of Fulani, who formed an empire (Caliphate) under Caliph with it capital at Sokoto Reasons for Fulani victory: Hausa states were disunited; fought against each other; people resented Hausa aristocracy, and saw Fulani as liberators Other Muslim rulers: Ahmadu Lobbo----his area was around the great bend of River Niger, conquered Macina, Sebera, Jenne, and Timbucktu Al-Hajj Umar: conquered Bambara states including Segu and Kaarta Effects of jihads: conquest of huge land for Muslims; spread of Muslim faith– many more conversions; led to the collapse of old aristocracy; encouraged intellectual activity Caused much dislocation, suffering, confusion.

Islam provided philosophical and religious justification for raids against non-Muslims Collapse of Oyo Empire, several states, Yoruba empire, etc. Spread of jihads to Ilorin was immediate cause of collapse of Oyo Empire. Collapse led to wars, etc. Collapse of Oyo Empire had consequences: population shift, slave trade extended to Yoruba land where its people were now captured and sent into slavery; Islamic expansion into Yoruba land; wars led to breakup of empire, weakened central authority especially in the face of arriving European nations Asante, Fante, and the British: Britain fought several wars with the Asante in the 19th century; supported rival Fante. Asante was landlocked and needed access to the ocean, hence wanted Fante Within a hundred years Britain and Asante fought wars in 1807, 1811, , 1823-4, 1826, 1873-4, 1896, and 1901. In all it was only three occasions that Britain invaded the Asante: 1873-4, 1896, and 1901. Asante-British wars occurred because Britain will not let Asante conquer Fante NOTICE: THIS IS IMPORTANT BEFORE YOU HELP DO THIS WORK You will be given PPT materials to identify & state significance of the terms listed below in 1-2 sentences. Do not write too much in a sentence, it is just a word identification part. In the essay below, write about 200 words that answer the questions briefly and concisely. Do not write a super long essay!!

Paper For Above instruction

The assignment involves discussing the origins and consequences of the Atlantic slave trade, analyzing migration examples in Africa before 1870, and providing a report on African societies around 1825, among other topics. The essay should be about 200 words, concise, and directly address one of these themes with specific historical data.

References

• Lovejoy, P. E. (2000). Transformations in slavery: A history of slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press.
• Thornton, J. K. (1998). Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world. Cambridge University Press.
• Inikori, J. E. (2002). Africans and the transatlantic slave trade. University of Rochester Press.
• Material from textbooks and peer-reviewed journal articles on African history.
• Davidson, B. (1991). The Black man's burden: Africa and the curse of the nation-state. Westview Press.
• Hopkins, A. G. (2000). An economic history of West Africa. Routledge.
• Boahen, A. A. (1985). African perspectives on European colonization. Longman.
• Nunn, N. (2008). The long-term effects of Africa's slave trades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(1), 139-184.
• Mazrui, A. A. (2005). The african condition: A political, social, and economic assessment. Michigan State University Press.
• Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Howard University Press.