STA 544 Homework 7: Work On The Following Problem Set And Sh

Sta 544homework 7work On The Following Problem Set And Show Your Work

STA 544 Homework 7 Work on the following problem set and show your work within the document. Use SPSS as needed.

Paper For Above instruction

This paper addresses a series of statistical questions and analyses related to parametric versus nonparametric procedures, tests of independence, correlation analyses, prevalence calculations, confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing for proportions. Each question is approached with clear explanations, suitable statistical methods, calculations, and interpretations, drawing on relevant statistical principles and methodologies.

1. Difference Between Parametric and Nonparametric Procedures

Parametric procedures rely on assumptions about the underlying population distribution, typically assuming that the data follow a specific distribution such as the normal distribution. These methods often involve parameters like the mean and standard deviation. Examples include t-tests and ANOVA. Nonparametric procedures, on the other hand, do not assume a specific distribution; they are distribution-free and often based on ranks or ordinal data. These are suitable when data violate parametric assumptions, such as normality or equal variances.

One might use a nonparametric test instead of a parametric test when the data are ordinal, heavily skewed, contain outliers, or when sample sizes are small and the normality assumption is questionable. Nonparametric tests are more robust under these conditions, providing valid inference without relying on distributional assumptions.

2. Nonparametric Procedure for Testing Random Occurrences Across Categories

The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test is appropriate for determining whether the frequency counts across different categories are consistent with a specified distribution, often uniform (which indicates randomness). This test assesses whether observed category frequencies deviate significantly from expected frequencies assuming a random distribution.

3. Nonparametric Procedure for Comparing Two Independent Samples with Violated Assumptions

The Mann-Whitney U test (also called Wilcoxon rank-sum test) is suitable for comparing two independent samples when the assumptions of the independent samples t-test—normality and equal variances—are violated. This test compares the distributions of the two samples based on ranks, providing a nonparametric alternative for assessing whether one population tends to have larger values than the other.

4. Procedure for Examining Correlation Between Rank in High School and College

The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is used to measure the strength and direction of the monotonic relationship between two ranked variables, such as high school and college ranks. It assesses how well the relationship between the two variables can be described using a monotonic function, using ranks rather than raw scores.

5. Binge Drinking by Gender Data Analysis

Given the study data, we perform several analyses:

a. Prevalence Calculation

The prevalence of binge drinking is the proportion of individuals engaging in binge drinking within each gender group.

Suppose the data are as follows:

• Men: number of binge drinkers = B_men
• Men total = N_men
• Women: number of binge drinkers = B_women
• Women total = N_women

From the data, if, for example, 50 males and 60 females, with 19.4% overall prevalence at the population level, the prevalence within each group can be calculated as:

Prevalence (Men) = (Number of binge drinking males) / (Total males) × 100%

Prevalence (Women) = (Number of binge drinking females) / (Total females) × 100%

b. Absolute Difference in Prevalence

Absolute difference = Prevalence in males – Prevalence in females (%). For instance, if prevalence among males is 25% and females 10%, the absolute difference is 15%, indicating males have a 15% higher prevalence.

c. Relative Difference in Prevalence

The prevalence ratio (PR) is calculated as:

PR = (Prevalence in males) / (Prevalence in females)

Expressed as a percentage increase: (PR – 1) × 100%. For example, if PR = 2.0, males have a 100% higher prevalence than females.

d. 95% Confidence Interval for the Prevalence Ratio

The confidence interval for the prevalence ratio can be calculated using the logarithmic method:

• Calculate the natural log of the prevalence ratio: ln(PR)
• Estimate its standard error: SE = √(1/B_men + 1/B_women)
• Construct the confidence interval on the log scale:

ln(PR) ± Z_0.975 × SE

Exponentiate the limits to obtain the CI for the prevalence ratio.

6. University Group Diabetes Program: Hypotheses Testing

Given data:

• Phenformin group: 26 deaths out of 204 patients
• Control group: 2 deaths out of 64 patients

a. Method Selection

Since the number of events in each group is small, Fisher’s Exact Test is appropriate for testing the difference in proportions. Although a chi-square test can sometimes be used, Fisher’s is preferred when expected cell counts are less than 5, ensuring accurate p-values.

b. Hypothesis Testing

The hypotheses are:

• Null hypothesis (H₀): The proportions of death are equal in both groups.
• Alternative hypothesis (H_a): The proportions differ.

Using Fisher’s exact test, the calculated p-value indicates whether to reject H₀. A p-value less than 0.05 signifies a statistically significant difference in mortality rates between the two groups, suggesting the treatment association impacts survival outcomes.

Conclusion

This report has detailed the appropriate statistical methods and calculations for each problem, providing a comprehensive understanding of nonparametric procedures, hypothesis testing, prevalence estimation, and confidence interval construction. These techniques are central to rigorous statistical analysis in biomedical and social science research, supporting valid inferences even when assumptions of parametric methods are violated.

References

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