Student Name Analysis 2 Lower Extremity 3 Assessment

Student Nameanalysis 2 Lower Extremity 3 Assessmentsanalyze Each Ex

Analyze each exercise in the exercise analysis chart below. For each exercise and phase of the lift, determine the ACTION (A), PLANE (B), AXIS (C), CONTRACTION TYPE (D), and the AGONISTS (E) involved in each movement. Specifically, review the video demonstrations of the Standard Back Squat, Lunge with Glute Kickback, and Vertical Jump Test. For each exercise, identify the joint actions during each phase, the plane of movement, the axis of rotation, the type of muscular contraction, and the primary muscles acting as agonists.

Paper For Above instruction

The biomechanical analysis of exercises is essential in understanding the precise movements involved and optimizing training, injury prevention, and rehabilitation strategies. This paper provides a detailed joint motion analysis of three fundamental lower extremity exercises: the back squat, lunge with glute kickback, and vertical jump. For each, the action, plane, axis, contraction type, and agonist muscle groups are examined, considering the phases of each exercise.

Standard Back Squat

During the descent phase of the back squat, the primary joint actions involve flexion at the hips, knees, and ankles. The action at the hip is hip flexion, occurring in the sagittal plane around the frontal axis. At the knee, flexion occurs along a transverse or sagittal plane around a frontal or sagittal axis, depending on the specific movement arc. At the ankle, dorsiflexion occurs in the sagittal plane. The contraction type in these muscles—gluteus maximus, quadriceps femoris, and tibialis anterior—is predominantly eccentric during the lowering phase to control movement. During the ascent, these muscles concentrically contract to extend the joints and return to the starting position, emphasizing the quadriceps, gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemius as primary agonists.

Lunge with Glute Kickback

In the lunge with glute kickback, the initial phase involves hip flexion and knee flexion as the individual steps forward. The joint actions include hip flexion and knee flexion, occurring in the sagittal plane about the frontal axis. The ankle dorsiflexes slightly as the foot contacts the ground. The glute kickback component involves hip extension, with the gluteus maximus as the primary agonist during the backward phase, and the movement occurs in the sagittal plane around the frontal axis. The contraction during the kickback is concentric, as the gluteus maximus actively extends the hip. Conversely, during the forward lunge, the quadriceps and gluteus maximus are engaged in eccentric and concentric contractions, respectively, to control movement and stabilize the joints.

Vertical Jump Test

The vertical jump involves rapid concentric contraction of the hip extensors, knee extensors, and ankle plantarflexors to generate upward force. During the preparatory phase, there is a countermovement involving hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion—joint actions occurring in the sagittal plane about the frontal axis. The upward propulsion phase is characterized by concentric contraction of gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius, producing hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantarflexion, respectively. These muscle actions occur in the sagittal plane around the frontal axis, facilitating vertical elevation. The primary agonists during takeoff are the gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius, which work synergistically to maximize jump height.

Conclusion

Understanding the biomechanical variables involved in these exercises enhances coaching techniques and training effectiveness. Recognizing the action, plane, axis, contraction type, and agonist muscles enables targeted interventions to improve performance and reduce injury risk. Future research could explore the variability in joint actions among different populations, including athletes and rehabilitation patients.

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