Student Names Students Will Submit Their Papers Using The Ta

Student Namestudents Will Submit Their Papers Using The Tab Marked Mid

Students will submit their papers using the tab marked Mid Term Paper or Final Research Paper. You must follow the guidelines below when creating your paper: You must: 1. Clearly synopsize your research in the introduction 2. Your research must be clearly stated, focused, and strongly maintained throughout your paper 3. Include three reasons points of research a. Indent each paragraph 4. Make sure your research is communicated clearly within each paragraph 5. Summarize your majors points (Conclusion) 6. Type in Times New Roman 12 pitch font Do not 1. do not plagiarize 2. do not use any contractions. Examples: can’t, won’t, shouldn’t, don’t SEE PAGE 2 EXAMPLE FORMAT INTRODUCTION The subject of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ POINT #1 In my opinion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------because----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- POINT #2 In my opinion -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------because---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- POINT #3 In my opinion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------because------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CONCLUSION In summary, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sheet1 CRIMINAL EVIDENCE AND PROCEDURE TABLE SUBJECT STUDENT STUDENT STUDENT STUDENT 1 Chapter 6 arrests without a warrant what police can ddo after the arrest use of force during an arrest 2 Chapter 7 Things subject to search serving a warrant Beyond Law Enforcement Exception 3 Chapter 8 Vehicle Stops Vehicle Searches Warrantless Searches Vehicle Inventory Searches 4 Chapter 9 Plain View Doctrine Open fields Doctrine Abandonment Border Searches 5 Chapter 10 Lineups Showups problems with eyewitnesses other means of identifying suspects

Paper For Above instruction

The process of conducting criminal investigations and ensuring procedural justice require a comprehensive understanding of legal rights, procedures, and the constitutional limits placed on law enforcement officers. This paper explores key aspects of criminal evidence and procedure, emphasizing the importance of constitutional protections, proper investigative techniques, and the challenges faced by law enforcement in maintaining justice and public safety. The discussion is structured around three main points, each elucidating critical issues pertaining to criminal procedures: arrests without a warrant, search and seizure practices beyond law enforcement exceptions, and vehicle searches including warrantless searches and inventory protocols. These elements collectively shape the landscape of modern criminal justice and underscore the balance between effective law enforcement and constitutional rights.

Introduction

The subject of criminal evidence and procedure is fundamental to understanding how law enforcement conducts investigations within the boundaries of constitutional protections. This paper discusses the legal frameworks surrounding arrests, searches, and seizures, and highlights the importance of adhering to proper procedures to safeguard individual rights while enabling effective policing. By examining various aspects such as warrantless arrests, the scope of search exceptions, and vehicle search protocols, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the critical issues faced by criminal justice professionals today.

Point #1: Arrests Without a Warrant and Police Authority Post-Arrest

In my opinion, police officers must operate within a strict legal framework when making arrests to ensure that constitutional rights are not violated. Arrests without a warrant are permissible under specific circumstances, such as when probable cause exists that an individual has committed a crime or is about to commit one. According to the Fourth Amendment, law enforcement has the authority to arrest without a warrant if exigent circumstances are present—such as when evidence might be destroyed or the suspect might flee (LaFave, 2015). This provision aims to enable police to act swiftly in the interest of justice while respecting individual rights. However, post-arrest procedures must include informing the suspect of the reason for arrest, and any use of force during arrest must be reasonable under the circumstances. Excessive force is prohibited and can lead to violations of constitutional rights, as established in cases like Graham v. Connor (490 U.S. 386, 1989). Thus, arrest protocols should balance effective law enforcement with respect for civil liberties to maintain public trust and legal integrity.

Point #2: Search and Seizure Practices Beyond Law Enforcement Exceptions

In my opinion, while law enforcement agencies are granted certain exceptions to the warrant requirement, they must operate within clearly defined legal boundaries to prevent abuses. The Fourth Amendment permits searches with a warrant based on probable cause, but exceptions such as consent searches, searches incident to arrest, and exigent circumstances expand police authority (Samaha, 2018). Nevertheless, searches beyond these exceptions, or without proper legal justification, constitute violations of constitutional protections. For instance, serving warrants outside the scope of probable cause or conducting searches without consent or exigent conditions can lead to evidence being inadmissible in court, as seen in the ruling of Maryland v. Garrison (477 U.S. 120, 1986). Properly adhering to legal standards ensures that evidence obtained is admissible and that individuals’ rights are protected against unwarranted intrusion. Consequently, law enforcement officers must be well-trained to recognize the limits of their authority and exercise discretion responsibly to uphold justice and integrity in criminal proceedings.

Point #3: Vehicle Stops, Searches, and Inventory Protocols

In my opinion, vehicle searches play a vital role in criminal investigations but pose unique challenges regarding constitutional protections. Warrantless searches of vehicles are permissible under the automobile exception, which recognizes the decreased expectation of privacy in vehicles due to their mobile nature (Carpenter v. United States, 2018). Law enforcement officers often conduct vehicle stops based on reasonable suspicion, and searches may be conducted if probable cause exists. Additionally, inventory searches are conducted to secure an impounded vehicle, to protect the owner’s property, and to ensure officer safety (Lundman & Sprenger, 2018). These searches must be conducted according to established protocols to prevent misconduct. Furthermore, the plain view doctrine allows officers to seize evidence without a warrant if it is openly visible during a lawful observation. Border searches also have a broad scope, allowing searches without probable cause at points of entry. While these practices serve law enforcement interests, they must consistently comply with constitutional standards to prevent violations and ensure the integrity of criminal investigations.

Conclusion

In summary, criminal evidence and procedure encompass a broad spectrum of legal principles designed to balance effective law enforcement with the protection of civil liberties. Arrests without warrants are permissible under specific circumstances, but must be conducted judiciously to prevent rights violations. Search practices beyond legal exceptions require strict adherence to constitutional standards to maintain the integrity of evidence and respect for individual rights. Vehicle search protocols, including warrantless searches and inventory procedures, must be carefully managed to align with legal standards and safeguard privacy interests. Overall, understanding these core issues underscores the importance of legality and procedural justice in the criminal justice system, promoting fairness and accountability in law enforcement practices.

References

• Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 (2018).
• Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989).
• LaFave, W. R. (2015). Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment. West Academic Publishing.
• Lundman, R., & Sprenger, S. (2018). Inventory Searches and the Fourth Amendment. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 108(3), 451-482.
• Maryland v. Garrison, 477 U.S. 120 (1986).
• Samaha, J. (2018). Criminal Procedure. Cengage Learning.
• United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218 (1973).
• Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740 (1984).
• Williams v. State, 377 Md. 221 (2003).
• Wilson v. Arkansas, 514 U.S. 927 (1995).