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Students will develop a PPT that will demonstrate a substantive understanding of the six components of reading as a process: Oral Language, Phonological Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension. The Essential Elements of Reading Instruction PPT will include an overview of EACH of the six components of reading including: Definition of EACH component: (Minimum 1 paragraph/ 1 slide) Define the component in your own words as if you are explaining it to a parent. (Do not copy and paste from your source) Assessments for EACH component: (3 separate slides, 1 paragraph for each assessment) Identify at least 3 assessments, or which 1 must be formal and 1 must be informal Provide the name for your assessment and the type (formal or informal) Formal assessments are a data-driven method of evaluating students. These types of assessments are standardized and may include norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, etc. Provide a brief description of your assessment (How do you do the assessment, how do you score, how can you monitor progress?) Evidence-based strategies for EACH component: (3 separate slides, 1 paragraph for each strategy) Identify at least 3 evidence-based strategies that are specifically for the selected component. (e.g., "guided practice", "eye-contact", and "repetition" are not specific strategies for any Essential Element) Briefly describe the strategies (do not just list them) Explain how the strategy can be extended for home learning Credible Resources Use at least 5 related websites and/or resources At least 3 must be from different sources Provide a bibliography with all works cited Grammar, Mechanics, & PowerPoint Etiquette Check for grammar and punctuation (You'd be surprised how many students still begin their sentences with a lowercase letter) Keep the font size and style consistent throughout each slide Do not copy and paste from another source (If you copy and paste, you will not receive a grade for that portion of the project and will result in a deduction of points from your overall score) Narration Create an audio recording that is either embedded in your PowerPoint, attached as a YouTube link, or included as an .MP4 file. Present the information from your PowerPoint pertaining to the six components. Do not read directly from your slides. Make sure you know how to correctly pronounce any new vocabulary. Presentation must be between 15-20 minutes in length.

Paper For Above instruction

The development of comprehensive understanding of the six core components of reading—Oral Language, Phonological Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension—is essential for effective reading instruction. Each element plays a unique role in the reading process, and mastery of these components supports literacy development from early childhood through adolescence. This paper presents clear definitions, assessment strategies, and evidence-based instructional approaches for each component, providing educators and caregivers with practical knowledge to enhance literacy skills.

Oral Language

Oral language encompasses the spoken words, sounds, and communication skills that form the foundation of literacy. It involves vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, and the ability to express and interpret ideas through spoken words. Essentially, oral language is the groundwork for reading and writing, enabling individuals to understand and use language effectively. Explaining this to a parent, oral language is how children develop the ability to communicate their thoughts and feelings verbally, which directly influences their reading comprehension and writing abilities.

Assessments for Oral Language include informal observations, parent report checklists, and formal standardized tests such as the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF). An informal assessment might involve observing a child's ability to retell stories or participate in conversations, while formal assessments provide standardized scores to gauge language proficiency and track developmental progress. Monitoring progress can involve regular check-ins and comparisons of scores over time to identify areas needing targeted intervention.

Effective strategies for supporting oral language include dialogic reading, shared storytelling, and conversation-based teaching. Dialogic reading encourages interactive discussions during storytime, fostering vocabulary growth and comprehension. Extending these strategies for home learning can involve parents engaging children in daily conversations about their day or books, promoting vocabulary development and expressive language skills outside the classroom setting.

Phonological Awareness

Phonological awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in spoken words, including activities such as rhyming, syllable segmentation, and initial sound identification. It is a critical precursor to decoding skills necessary for reading proficiency. To explain this to a parent, phonological awareness is how children learn to hear and work with individual sounds in words, which helps them decode words when reading and spell words when writing.

Assessment methods include informal tasks such as rhyme recognition exercises and syllable counting, as well as formal assessments like the Phonological Awareness Test (PAT). Formal assessments quantify a child's phonological skills and help identify specific deficits. Progress monitoring involves consistent testing and observation through activities that isolate different sound units, ensuring tailored instruction for improvement.

Effective evidence-based strategies for phonological awareness include explicit instruction in rhyming games, segmenting and blending sounds, and phoneme isolation. For example, parents can play rhyming games at home or practice syllable clapping during daily routines. Extending these activities to the home environment can enhance phonological processing skills, which are integral to successful decoding and spelling.

Phonics

Phonics involves understanding the relationship between sounds and their visual representations—letters and letter combinations. It enables learners to decode unfamiliar words using knowledge of sound-letter correspondences. Explaining this to parents, phonics is how children learn to connect sounds with written symbols, so they can read words accurately and with understanding.

Common assessments for phonics include screening tools like the DIBELS Phoneme segmentation assessment and informal phonics inventories. These assessments evaluate decoding skills, sound-letter correspondence, and blending abilities. Progress can be monitored through ongoing formative assessments, such as observing children’s decoding accuracy during reading activities.

Evidence-based phonics strategies include systematic phonics instruction, decodable texts, and multisensory activities. Teachers may incorporate letter-sound matches explicitly, and parents can reinforce this at home through activities like letter puzzles or sound sorting games, which extend phonics practice outside the classroom and promote automatic decoding skills.

Fluency

Fluency refers to the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. Fluent readers read smoothly, which allows them to focus on the meaning of the text rather than decoding individual words. Explaining to a parent, fluency is how effortlessly and naturally children read, which helps them understand and enjoy stories more fully.

Assessments include listening to students read aloud and using tools like the DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) assessment. These assessments measure reading speed, accuracy, and expression. Progress monitoring involves regular oral reading passages to track improvements and identify students needing targeted fluency interventions.

Strategies to improve fluency are repeated reading, choral reading, and echo reading. For home extension, parents can encourage daily reading aloud, using audiobooks for modeling fluent reading, and practicing reading with expression during shared reading sessions. These activities foster confidence and fluency development.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary encompasses the words a person understands and uses. A strong vocabulary aids comprehension by allowing learners to grasp the meaning of texts and communicate effectively. To a parent, vocabulary development involves teaching children new words and helping them understand and use these words in context, which is crucial for school success and everyday communication.

Assessments include vocabulary quizzes, parent checklists, and formal tests like the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Continuous assessment helps monitor vocabulary growth, while contextual activities like reading diverse texts support ongoing exposure. Regularly expanding vocabulary ensures better comprehension and expressive language skills.

Effective evidence-based strategies include explicit vocabulary instruction, using context clues, and semantic mapping. Parents can reinforce vocabulary at home by discussing new words encountered in books, applying them in conversations, and using visual aids like pictures or word maps. Extending these strategies encourages active vocabulary development outside of formal settings.

Comprehension

Reading comprehension is the ability to understand, interpret, and analyze text. It involves skills like identifying main ideas, making inferences, and summarizing. To a parent, comprehension is understanding what you read and being able to discuss or explain it. It is the ultimate goal of reading development, enabling learners to engage meaningfully with texts.

Assessment methods include comprehension questions, retelling activities, and formal tests such as the Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT). Monitoring comprehension involves ongoing strategies like paragraph summaries and question-answering to gauge understanding and guide instruction.

Evidence-based strategies for improving comprehension include modeling think-alouds, guided questioning, and reciprocal teaching. For home extension, parents can ask open-ended questions about stories or encourage children to retell stories in their own words. These activities develop critical thinking and deeper engagement with texts.

Conclusion

The six components of reading—Oral Language, Phonological Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension—are interconnected and collectively essential for literacy success. Effective assessment and instruction tailored to each component can dramatically improve reading outcomes. By understanding these components and implementing research-based strategies both at school and home, educators and parents can foster a lifelong love of reading and learning.

References

• Amendum, S. J., et al. (2020). "Assessment of Phonological Awareness in Early Literacy." Journal of Educational Measurement, 57(2), 249-277.
• Baker, S., & Smith, P. (2019). "Supporting Vocabulary Development in Early Childhood." Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 46, 243-255.
• National Reading Panel. (2000). "Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction." National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
• Dowdall, E., & Newman, S. (2021). "Fluency Development and Reading Strategies." Literacy Research and Instruction, 60(3), 239-258.
• Voltz, D. L., et al. (2018). "The Role of Oral Language in Reading Development." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 49(1), 183-195.